Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Judaism - Essay Example Jerusalem is their heavenly city. Unity of God is the most significant standards of Judaism. They accept that God cherishes his kin yet in addition, gives overwhelming discipline to the individuals who veer off from his way. Another extremely fundamental conviction is of atonement. In contrast to Christians, Jews accept that Savior was at this point to be conceived and generally anticipated by them. They accept that lone the approach of Savior would spare the individuals from sins. Judaism has three principle groups Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Judaism. Voni (2007) says that, The Orthodox accepts that there are 613 laws that were given to Moses from God the Father and keep those laws. As the name shows, they observe the strictest principles and are the most moderate type of Judaism. They accept and flourish to watch their religion in its unique frame and get roused by each word written in their consecrated writings. This is the most established, generally preservationist, and most different type of Judaism. Present day Orthodox, Chasidim and Ultra Orthodox offer a fundamental faith in the induction of Jewish law, even as they hold totally different points of view. They endeavor to follow the first type of Judaism as they see it to be. They view each word in their consecrated messages as being supernaturally motivated. Change Judaism mo

Organizational Communication Approaches and Processes

Question: Disucss about the Organizational Communication : Approaches and Processes. Answer: Presentation Effective workplaces are described by acceptable connections between laborers to laborers, laborers to the board and the executives and laborers. Individuals are social creatures and accordingly exist in bunches that are characterized by the connections that hold the gatherings together. At work representatives are not just held together by the conventional jobs that they play inside the association but instead the connections that characterize the presence of the gatherings. Social trade hypothesis proposes that connections depend on give and take where people have desires from others. mo (2006, P. 235) contends that these connections structure a progression of communications that produce into commitments that people hold towards one another time. Then again the mental agreement depends on the connection between the business and the representatives about common desires for data sources and results. In shaping connections at the work place representatives forego a portion of their pr ivileges to their kindred workers or the executives to keep up the relationship (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch Rhoades 2001, P. 44). In work environment conditions, bunch elements extraordinarily characterize the connections that may exist inside the association. Workers exist as people and gatherings simultaneously. This implies the manner in which people carry on when they are separated from everyone else and fit as a fiddle the connections that exist. The board needs to guarantee that there are legitimate connections at the work environment to accomplish hierarchical goals and furthermore limit struggle (Blyton Turnbull 1998, P. 12). Along these lines the director needs to set up systems that can improve the connections that representatives have. This paper looks at how the board can improve work connections improve confidence, efficiency and feeling of collaboration in an association. This depends on how representative relations can be improved through correspondence, me eting, goals of contention, social decent variety, morals, winning trust and certainty of laborers, relational correspondence styles, systems administration and the executives of workers. Correspondence Correspondence is a key instrument in shaping connections inside the association and accomplishing coordination between representatives. Goris, Vaught Prett (2000, P. 353) propose that the job of correspondence in associations is to provide away from of the authoritative needs and the job that representatives play. Clear correspondence permits assignment obligations to workers and executing of undertakings. Collaboration inside an association depends on legitimate correspondence between various people, gatherings and offices in an association. The board imparts undertakings to administrators who thusly convey or allocate representatives the assignments. Then again representatives need to impart among themselves throughout completing assignments. Framework speculations recommend that the association resembles a framework that depends on facilitated exertion to accomplish undertakings. Coordination is accomplished through sending of data starting with one source then onto the next and getting criticism over the equivalent. Representatives additionally use correspondence to frame connections between one another inside the association to shape gatherings. Mill operator (2009, P. 11) contends that ddifferent specialized instruments exist yet association need to guarantee that specialized techniques are streamlined to guarantee messages are effortlessly comprehended by each representative. The best correspondence to workers is through gathering to permit representatives raise gives that worry the association. Meeting are the most favored specialized apparatus as opposed to notices and other specialized instruments. This permits the executives to connect with representatives and structure work-based connections. Then again representatives can resolve gives that influence them through gathering at their level. Clashes have been settled in gatherings while associations that neglect to hold gatherings have awful associations with representatives and exceptionally reveale d clashes. Meeting Steady strain to increment authoritative execution has prompted the requirement for worker inclusion through conference. The strategy has been exceptionally prised for expanding the viability of HR by outfitting the capability of representative to business advantage. High contribution of representatives through interview has gotten powerful in the quick work that they do (Ciavarell 2003, P. 6). Meeting is a dynamic instrument that guarantees the association has legitimate help in the choices that are made by the executives. To improve representative relations discussion is utilized in deciding the contribution of workers in dynamic procedures in an association. This prompts positive changes that may affect the relationship that representatives have with the association. Discussion is utilized as an administration instrument that empowers the board to improve associations with representatives through including them dynamic procedure. The executives draws near to workers by diminishing bottlenecks and the feeling of inadequacy that representatives have in the association. Government assistance (2005, P. 95) suggets that exceptionally consultative association have a simple time turning out new systems and correspondence new choices to representatives. Since counsel depends on utilizing worker contribution to dynamic, at that point representatives need to adjust to the new changes that have been made since they are a piece of the choices that have been made. Then again meeting improves representative certainty which is significant in improving associations with the board. Goals of clashing issues Development of workforce in associations expands the degrees of contention that are experienced inside the association. As associations increment in size, bunch elements additionally increment and along these lines strife levels raise inside the association. Along these lines worker connection systems should target guaranteeing that contention is diminished inside the working environment to make a domain that is helpful for the association (Vandenberghe, Bentei Stinglhambe 2002, P. 590). The executives needs to create aptitudes that keep up amicable connections inside the association to improve relational correspondence and oversee strife. Marxists contend that contention emerges from shortage of assets where distribution is one-sided among workers. Along these lines strife inside an association is an aftereffect of poor administration of assets. This involves issues like assignment of obligations, appropriation of assets and apparatuses of exchange that representatives depend on to improve work. Figuring out how to oversee strife assists directors with settling representative relations without any problem. This involves creating compromise instruments where the board handles them utilizing a standard component inside the association. This incorporates building up appropriate announcing instruments that empower workers to report struggle related issues (Blyton 1998, p. 12). Convenient announcing and treatment of contention decrease strife heightening to optional issues in the association. Subsequently the executives needs to guarantee that there are appropriate compromise instruments that are set up to determine representative related issues. In certain associations board are created to be responsible for such issues that establish both worker and part of the executives. This is planned for improving the connections inside the association. Grasping of social assorted variety in associations Development of associations and extension of business forms prompts a move in workforce socioeconomics inside the associations. Associations are compelled to grasp contrasts and change that is an aftereffect of utilizing individuals from various social assorted varieties. Social assorted variety is the nature of various societies inside an association that incorporate race, sex, ethnic gathering, age, character, subjective style, residency, authoritative capacity and training. Pearce(2008, P. 22) expresses that ddiversity includes how individuals see others and structure connections that sway the association. Social assorted variety can have both negative and beneficial outcomes inside the association. Work place decent variety can be utilized as a human asset the board apparatus to improve relations inside the association. Human asset need to grasp assorted variety through improved correspondence and giving a domain to versatility inside the association. Treatment of representatives decides how different societies join together for hierarchical turn of events. In this manner the board needs to oversee decent variety issues by creating plans that permit detailing of numerous worker issues. To oversee decent variety in the work place, the executives needs to evaluate the degree of assorted variety at the workforce and build up an arrangement to be actualized for dealing with the decent variety in the association (Samovar, Porter, McDaniel 2009, P. 21). Morals are a lot of good standards identifying with a specific gathering or association. , any associations have set up a set of principles that decides how the workers and the board act. These moral qualities characterize the association and shape the connections that workers structure between themselves, with the board and with customers. They structure a huge human asset relationship of common reliance that extraordinarily impacts the association. George Jones (2002, P. 17) express that eethical issues involve reasonable treatment of the workforce and it shapes some portion of the commitment that the association has towards representatives. Then again workers have an ethical commitment involves reliability to the association. Authoritative culture can be sued to impart moral conduct in representatives. Kolbs learning cycle talks about the learning styles that representatives experience inside an association. New representatives learn work connections designs and moral issues from their kindred representatives through realizing what they do. A decent hierarchical culture characterizes the connections that exist in the association and

Trends, Issues and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patterns, Issues and Community - Essay Example Notwithstanding, neoclassical methodologies are likewise not without their blemishes and hence handy policymaking should be tied in with guaranteeing that the legislature is driven hard to convey what is the best from accessible assets. This short exposition presents a conversation about the neoclassical and the Keynesian or the government assistance state ways to deal with arrangement making and presents an assessment of the effect of neoclassical ways to deal with policymaking in Australia. I guarantee that, with the exception of where refered to in the content, this work is the aftereffect of research completed by the creator of this investigation. The primary substance of the examination which has been introduced contains work that has not recently been accounted for anyplace. People and networks in Australia and in other created countries are frequently confused at the downfall of the alleged government assistance state which had done undeniably more to attempt to take care of the person than what is regularly watched today. In this way, government strategies are presently compelling individual residents to take on unquestionably greater duty in almost everything, running from government assistance, instruction to wellbeing regardless of a specific absence of fulfillment with this methodology from the residents (Center for Policy Development, 2008, â€Å"Real World Economics†). The new policymaking is clarified as far as the restricted capacity of the network to think about the person because of asset imperatives and a move from the Keynesian/Welfare state way to deal with the neoclassical or the new right methodologies that are planned not exclusively to give yet additionally to modify singular conduct in a way that is probably going to be to a le sser extent a weight to the general public on the loose. The change that is currently watched is frequently upsetting for the individuals who had seen far superior days when government truly minded and help was constantly accessible in troublesome occasions. Accordingly, it bodes well to attempt to comprehend what controls the new policymaking that has affected almost all features of individual’s presence inside the network and why Australians and others

College Essay Samples - How to Find Essays to Help You Format Your Argumentative Essay

College Essay Samples - How to Find Essays to Help You Format Your Argumentative EssayIf you're planning to go to college this fall and decide to write an argumentative essay that you need to submit to your college and are discouraged by how hard it is to write, then you should check out some Argumentative Essay College Samples. There are plenty of resources online that can help you with this, so be sure to make use of them.Arguments are often developed in writing classes in college. They also start to develop and sharpen in students when they have an argumentative essay that they have written. It is an argument that they have made, which can either be a thesis or a criticism. You should always try to develop your arguments and express them in a unique way that is thought provoking.There are some individuals who prefer to submit the essay as a set of individual essay format. These types of essays will benefit from the essays are written in a kind of declarative style. They will be wr itten with examples and the use of various examples to help them make the argument that they want to. It is best to write these types of essays at the end of the semester so that they can help the student demonstrate that they have taken their studies to the next level.There is also Argumentative Essay College Samples that is written by experts in the particular subject. They will be provided by those that are able to research and write academic documents. The way that they will help your essay is to not only show you examples that are related to the subject but to provide you with examples that are very real, while helping you make the argument that you need to. The help that they provide is also given with the help of a variety of different writers.There is also Argumentative Essay College Samples that you can choose to read. There are some sites that you can use to find essays that will help with writing a thesis or a critical essay. The advantage to reading these essays is that they will help you see where you are making your argumentative contributions. It is important to always know what your essay is doing so that you can find the areas that you are struggling with.The benefit to these essay samples is that they will show you a variety of ways that you can write an argumentative essay. As long as you are having trouble, then you should go and look at a sample that will help you understand and formulate your argumentative essay. For example, you should look at college samples that will help you format the argument that you need to. They will also help you develop your writing as you go on.If you are having trouble writing your essay, then check out these Argumentative Essay College Samples to help you understand the best way to write an argumentative essay. You will find that these essay samples to help you understand how to develop an argument that is relevant to the subject matter of your essay. You will also be able to find a variety of different writ ers that can help you with this. The decision will come down to how much you are struggling with your essay.

How Has Religion Changed Art - 2645 Words

Daynah Grant Ms. Anttila Senior Workshop Part 3 Paper: How has Religion Changed art? What is art? It can be explained as a diverse building up of mortal activities. Art is the single thing that can change people by the thousands, millions, and billions. If we were to use words to describe exactly what art is we can say that it is: expression, beauty, different, love, technical, abstract, creativity, always changing, convincing, emotion, free, diverse, innovative and inspiring. Art has changed many people and gave humans what they need to morph into what they are now. Most of us don’t think of art as much, Most of us thinks that art has nothing to do with the world of today. If we look at the most basic of things we can see how†¦show more content†¦The earliest recorded of art was around 25000 BCE and before this time. This art included pieces like the Venus of Willendorf. The Venus of Willendorf is a figurine that was found in Austria featuring a female carved from limestone. This is not the only Venus figurine found, others were made with bone, ivory and clay. Also all of the Venus figurines have a diamond shaped. Many prehistoric art involved sculptures. A lot of Neolithic as said before cannot be proven as religious but this is starting off art we have today which we need to review over. Some prehistoric artwork includes the Jiahu Carvings, the Jiahu carvings were dated back to 7000 BCE and are made out of red crown crane bone. they ar e flutes with 5 to 8 holes these were supposedly used for rituals. Another piece of artwork can be known as the Niola Doa. The Niola Doa was found in Africa and is dated back to 3000 BCE. Let’s fast forward a couple thousand years, before the 1400s in the Middle Ages (also known as medieval times) we observe the concept of religious art. Back then the art had very unrealistic looks looking at the style of the art. This is when religious art really thrived. In medieval times the art style was gothic and much of the gothic style was influenced in the cathedrals in Europe today. As we see main focuses were on the church and there was nothing else. In This art, you can tell the major differences from the renaissance and the

Summary Of The Jataka Tales - 2204 Words

THE JATAKA TALES On a warm July night, a prince was born in Jambudvipa (India). He grew up in a lifestyle filled with the finest of things, confined in his palace, being sheltered from the realities of danger. His father raised him to be the next wheel-turning king. Siddhartha Gautama did not know that he had the â€Å"markings† that predetermined his life. His father chose him as king, but as history proves, his dharma was to be the Buddha. Siddhartha’s encounter with the outside world during his manhood, struck him to his core. He would refuse the heir to the throne, and with his â€Å"Great Departure† he would seek out the life of the ascetics to find meaning to the world’s sufferings. During his six year journey, he was still plagued with questions of suffering and remained in meditation until he found his answers. Here under the Bodhi tree, he found the answers in which he was earnestly seeking, and in the process transformed himself into the â€Å"E nlightened One.† Awoke from his prolonged unconsciousness, he understood that every living thing was a part of Samsara (The eternal cycle of life). He spoke of reincarnation and how a person would continue to be born, live, and die over many life times until he changed his karma and gradually made his way towards Brahmin. This goal can take many life times, hundreds, even thousands. Buddha spoke of his many embodiments and how he made his way to his last rebirth as the Buddha. The Jataka Tales is a large collection of stories the Buddha

Appraisal of Capital Investment Decisions - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Appraisal of Capital Investment Decisions. Answer: Introduction The capital investment decisions involve huge sum of money therefore it is of paramount importance for the management to make these decisions after carrying out the analysis effectively. There are various tools and techniques being applied for the purpose of analyzing the financial viability of a capital investment, the most prominent among them is the net present value technique (NPV) (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). The other techniques involve internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and accounting rate of return. In this context, the report presented here provides discussion on various techniques of capital investment analysis such as NPV, IRR, Payback period etc. Further, the report also demonstrates the practical application of NPV technique in analyzing the machine replacement decision (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). Watleys is considering replacing the old machine with the automated new machine which is expected to reduce the manufacturing cost to a large extent over the period of four years. The machine will initially cost 60,000 and require a sum of 2,000 being incurred per year on maintenance. The new machine is expected to reduce the manufacturing labor cost by 22,000 for four years. In order to analyze that whether this replacement decision would be financially worthwhile or not, the NPV has been computed as below: NPV of Project Year Cash Flows PVF@10% PV 0 (60,000.00) 1.000 (60,000.00) 1 20,000.00 0.909 18,181.82 2 20,000.00 0.826 16,528.93 3 20,000.00 0.751 15,026.30 4 20,000.00 0.683 13,660.27 NPV 3,397.31 It can be observed from the computations shown in the table given above that the NPV of replacement is 3,397.31. The positive NPV of replacement decision reflects that it would be worthwhile to implement the replacement of the machine. Thus, it is advised that the company should go for replacement of old machine with the new automated machine. There are three crucial elements found in any capital investment decisions such as cash inflows, outflows, and discount rate. In order to compute cash inflows, outflows, and discount rate, there are made a number of assumptions. The capital investment decision is futuristic and thus, assumptions are made about the future outlook in respect of these three crucial elements (Rhrich, 2014). The computation of cash inflows requires estimation about the sale units and unit price. Similarly, estimations are made in respect of costs to arrive at the cash outflows. Further, the determination of discount rate requires various assumptions about the risk and expected return of the investors (Rhrich, 2014). The discounting of cash flows is normally done at the desired rate of return of the investors which in the case of a company is taken as WACC. Further, the computation of WACC is based on the estimations of cost of equity and after tax cost of debt. The estimation of cost of debt is however simple and requires less assumptions but the same is not the case with cost of equity. The cost of equity is computed based on various assumptions, for example, assumption about future dividend payment, growth rate, risk free rate, and market risk premium. Further, the assumptions are also required to be made about the life span of the project in which capital investment is being made (Rhrich, 2014). In regards to the replacement of old cutting machine with the new automated machine, the two crucial assumptions are savings in the labor cost and useful life of machine. It has been assumed that the new machine will cause savings in the labor cost of 22,000 annually. Further, it has been assumed that the machine will require annual maintenance incurring a sum of 2,000. These assumptions are based on the initial estimates only and thus, there always remains possibility of variance (Drury, 2008). It may be possible that the maintenance cost is increased in future and thus, the company may incur additional money or it may decrease also resulting in increase in savings. Further, it has been assumed that the new machine will be in a workable condition for 4 years. However, it may or may not or it may end up with more years (Drury, 2008). It is essential to note that the assumptions should be made in such a way that the possibility of variance is reduced. If the assumptions are made precisely, the possibility of achieving the desired outcome is increased. For example, if the life of new machine is not estimated precisely and suppose if the machine is retired from use after three years, the resultant NPV would be less than 3,397.31 which might make the replacement decision less attractive. Thus, it is crucial to make the assumption precisely considering the past and future performance (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). It has already been discussed that there are various capital investment appraisal method/techniques. Some of them involve the use of time value of money and some do not. For example, the NPV and IRR techniques use the concept of time value of money while the payback period and accounting rate of return are the techniques that do not implicate the use of time value of money (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). The net present value technique requires the calculation of present value of net cash inflows and comparing the same with the initial capital outlay. If the initial capital outlay is less than the present value of net cash inflows, the NPV is positive and hence the project becomes acceptable. On the other hand, if the initial capital outlay is greater than the present value of net cash inflows, the NPV is negative and hence the project is liable to be rejected. Keeping the NPV aside, the project can also be appraised using the IRR technique. The internal rate of return is the breakeven return that the project must earn in order to be called financially worthwhile. The internal rate of return is compared with the cost of capital and if the IRR is greater than the cost of capital, the project is accepted else it is rejected (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). The internal rate of return technique is also widely used but it suffers from certain limitations which restricts its use in the special circumstances. For instance, when the series of cash flows involves cash outflows at more than one occasion, it may result in multiple IRRs giving conflicting views (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). However, when it comes on comparing more than one mutually exclusive project with each other; the IRR is considered better than NPV. Further, the payback period is also used in analyzing the financial viability of the project. The payback period computes the time duration within which the amount of initial investment would be recovered. In most of the cases, the payback period method is used in conjunction with other methods such as NPV and IRR. The payback period used singly in analyzing the projects financial worth would be less useful (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). In the current case, there is single project under consideration. The financial viability of a single project could be assessed applying any of the three methods such as NPV, IRR, and payback period. The results of all three methods would lead to same conclusion about acceptance or rejection of the project. The NPV method has been applied in assessing that whether the replacement decision is financially worthwhile or not. If the IRR or payback period is applied, the result would be same i.e. the project would be acceptable (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). Conclusion In analyzing the projects financial viability, the management of the company may consider applying a number of methods such as NPV, IRR, and payback period. The management should consider that these methods have different characteristics and some specific situations may require use of specific method. However, the NPV method is commonly applied and it is considered as one of the most appropriate and suitable to all conditions method. In analyzing the replacement decision of Watley, the NPV method has been applied which shows a positive NPV of 3,397.31. References Atrill, P. and E. J. McLaney. 2008. Accounting and Finance for Non-specialists. Prentice Hall Financial Times. Chapman, C.S., Hopwood, A.G., and Shields, M.D. 2011. Handbook of Management Accounting Research. Elsevier. Drury, C. 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. Cengage Learning EMEA. Gotze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P., 2016.Investment appraisal. Springer-verlag berlin an. Rhrich, M. 2014. Fundamentals of Investment Appraisal: An Illustration based on a Case Study. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG.

The Rainforests Are Very Important To The World For Many Reasons, Most

The rainforests are very important to the world for many reasons, most of them being very simple. One major reason is that the plants in the forest turn carbon dioxide into clean air, which helps us fight pollution. Also, by absorbing carbon dioxide, the rainforests help deter the greenhouse effect. The trees of the rainforest store carbon dioxide in their roots, stems, branches, and leaves. The plants and animals of the rainforest also provide us with food, fuel wood, shelter, jobs, and medicines. Image losing the potential cure for cancer or AIDS that might have been found in an undiscovered plant from the rainforest. (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) The vine Aucistrocladus koropensis may be effective in treating AIDS; we can only guess what other beneficial plants may be destroyed before we find them. (Allo, 1996) It is repeated often that the rainforest contains important plants that will cure the worst diseases of today. Although there is scientific proof of its value, the rainforest continues to disappear. In ever sense, a standing rainforest supplies more economic wealth then if it were cleared... ...yet deforestation continues at an alarming rate. (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) According to the National Forest Association of Forest Industries (1996), there are about 4 billion hectares of forest in the world, of which about 25 percent is tropical rainforest. The rainforest is full of diversity when it comes to the plants and animals that inhabit it... many of them are found no where else on Earth. These species have extremely valuable medical properties... the only known cure for certain diseases come from species of the rainforest. As an example of the rainforest's diversity, a single hectare in Kenya's Kakamega Forest may host between 100 and 150 different tree species, compared to only about 10 different species in a hectare of the forest of North America. (Allo, 1996) The diversity of rainforest species applies to much more than just trees. Although insects represent only 62 percent of the 1.4 million named organisms on the planet, scientists estimate that the total number of arthropods to number between 8 million and 80 million. (Allo, 1996) Only 20 percent of the nutrients of the rainforest are in the soil; 80 percent of the nutrients remain in the trees and plants. The rainwater of the forest is recycled by evaporation. Clouds above the forest's canopy help reflect sunlight which keeps temperatures within the forest to remain more stable. Although rainforests take vast amounts of time to regenerate, young forests are more effective at removing carbon from the air than older forests. Older forests absorb carbon less efficiently, but have more total carbon stored within them. The soil of the rainforests is only suitable for being rainforest soil, crops do not grow well in it. When forests are cut down, the soil erodes quickly and soon only a dry desert remains. Humans also inhabit the rainforests. Most of these people are indigenous, or Indian. It is estimated that there are over 1,000 or more indigenous groups around the world, but they are also becoming extinct. In 1900, Brazil had one million Indians. Today, there are fewer than 200,000 in the Amazon. (Stevenson Press, 1996) There are two types of rainforests: tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are found in 85 countries around the world. Ninety percent of these forests are concentrated into fifteen countries, each country containing over 10 million hectares each. (Malaysian Timber Council, 1995) Tropical rainforests are located near the equator, where temperatures stay above 80 degrees Fahrenheit year round. These dense, damp forests occur in Latin and South America, Africa, and in Southeast Asia. Although they [tropical rainforests] cover just seven percent of the Earth's surface, they can provide habitat for between 50 and 90 percent of its plant and animal species. In 1990, tropical rainforests totaled some 1.7 billion hectares. (Forest Alliance of British Columbia, 1996) Half of the world's rainforests lie within the borders of Brazil, Indonesia, and Zaire. A tropical rainforest has three layers: the forest floor, the understory, and the canopy. The forest floor has poor soil. Mainly insects live on this layer, although large mammals like gorillas and jaguars are also found there. Many smaller animals, including anteaters, lemurs, and tree kangaroos live in the understory. This is also where many small trees and shrubs are found. The canopy, or top layer, is made up of the tops of trees which can grow to be over 200 feet high. Many tropical birds, monkeys, apes, snakes, and other animals live in

Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory

Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory Abstract There are many theories on what defines successful leadership and contingency and situational leadership are among them. These two theories are almost similar but the contingency leadership theory is not about whether or not a style should be adapted to external factors but rather how different factors can interact in unexpected ways to shape the outcome.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Situational leadership theory is based on the interaction between the dimensions of task behavior and relationship behavior as well as follower readiness/maturity in performing a certain task. Followers are the most critical factor in leadership proceedings and as followers differ, so does the suitable method of management. Contingency theories of leadership hold that there is no one best way of leadership and that an organiz ational/ leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others (Fiedler, 1964). Introduction Fiedler (1964), states that the success of a leader in a given situation isn’t up to the skills that the leader has, but rather how those skills line up with factors outside of him or her. This means that it isn’t just having a skilled leader that leads to success, but rather it is having a leader who can solve the right problems in the right way and at the right time. Discussion Edward (2004) in his article states that â€Å"although situation and contingency mandates managers to take into account such things as the experience of employees, the time available to make a decision, and the type of work that is to be done; they leave the employees uncertain on how they will be treated†. The employees also feel left out in decisions making and not fully informed by their manager. To further support Edward’s arguments, Yuki (1981); in hi s study indicates that concept of task relevant maturity e.g. job maturity that is notable in both theories is conceptionally ambiguous and hence poses serious flaws to these theories. However, in a research done by scholars such as Graeff (1983) indicates that; â€Å"the situational nature of leadership brings forth the concept that one style of management cannot possibly fit all situations†. Edward (2004) in his article also recalls that the recognition of the subordinate as the most important asset in an organization is a determinant of appropriate leader’s behavior by both the contingency and situational leadership theories.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his study, Edward (2004), states that â€Å"the degree to which subordinates like or trust the leader, the degree to which the task is structured and the formal authority possessed by the leader are key determinants of the leadership situation†. To add on Vroom and Yetton (1973) indicate that, â€Å"the effectiveness of a decision made by a leader depends upon a number of aspects of the situation†. Hersey and Blanchard (1977), explains that the leadership method one employs should be dependent on the situation and that before one selects a leadership style to use, they must first understand the situation and the importance of the possible outcomes. However, Edward (2004) reiterates that the leadership brand needs to apply across the entire organization and at all times and should not involve what is often called situational leadership† as this will result to confusion and alienate people in an organization. Conclusion Although the two leadership theories have their setbacks, I feel that their main strengths should not be ignored. For example, the situation approach shows leaders what to do and when to do it and contingency approach is valuable for its ability to deal with diverse situations requiring the exercise of leadership. Generally Edward’s article highlights very important approaches that leaders should use to usefully manage their organization and employees. References Edward, E. L (2004) Leading A Virtuous-Spiral Organization. Leader To Leader, No.32. Fiedler, F. E. (1964) A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.1). 149-190. Graeff, C.L. (1981) Some theoretical issues that undermine the utility of the Hersey-Blanchard situation leadership theory: A critical view. Relationship between theory, research and practice. 19th Annual Southern Management Meeting. Atlanta, 204-206.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. (1982) Management of organization behavior: Utilizing human resource s. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc Vroom, V.H. and Yetton, P.W. (1973) Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press Yuki, G.A. (1981) Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Software applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software applications - Essay Example It is the reason why it is better not to rely too much upon this service in order to prevent mistakes in spelling or grammar. One of my favorite services is the ability to make footnotes and endnotes. It is very convenient when I need to add information or leave a reminder to check something later. It is also very convenient to create well-formatted outlines with updatable page numbers. PPT and Exel are very useful for creating presentations and tables. PPT gives much space for creativity; one can select different styles and formats or slides. Moreover, it is possible to insert multimedia files such as music, video or pictures in the presentation to make it entertaining. When I have to present something, I usually use this application to create some support for my speech. Exel is applicable in working with data. It makes it simple to craft table or diagrams, where variable can be changed and other numbers will update automatically. For instance, I can count my expenditures in Exel and create a comprehensive report. I think that services from MS Office are more convenient than handwriting. First of all, the produced result is easily readable. When any text is typed, it be sent anywhere by one clock only. Also, it is easy to highlight something in the text, select appropriate font type and size. Handwriting is less convenient in terms of formatting. However, it is more applicable when I need to take some notes watching the film, write down a phone number or create an outline. Using these applications every day, I am sure that they are more convenient than hand-writing. Even though writing can be faster and more convenient than typing sometimes, typing makes texts more accurate and readable. It becomes more applicable for further work because it is better structured, formatted and

Reflection paper about upervisor support Assignment

Reflection paper about upervisor support - Assignment Example In most cases, supervisors have a lot of work experience in comparison to other employees. In effect, they enhance teamwork by supporting other members of the organization in their roles using their gained experience. Furthermore, teamwork leads to job satisfaction in an organization, which further leads to high productivity. Hence, the supervisor greatly influences productivity in an organization. However, it is important to note that, at some instances some employees may fail to see the limit to which the extent of support reaches. In this case, this might be instances in which support is deemed too much. As such, some of these employees may consider themselves equal in standing with the supervisors. In effect, they may become laidback in their roles and effectively decline in productivity. However, such occurrences are rare once an organization establishes the limit to supervisor support. As explained, the role of a supervisor in supporting their staff is crucial in an organization. In this regard, the organization should find ways of improving the role of supervisors in supporting the other members of staff. One way of improving supervisors support is by the management giving the supervisors all the support they need in executing their roles in the organization. Once the management gives the supervisors its undue support, the supervisor reciprocates and offers support to those they are supervising. On the other hand, in-service training of the supervisor and other staff members is crucial to ensure each member plays their role effectively. Griffin, M. A., Patterson, M. G., & West, M. A (2001). Job satisfaction and teamwork: The role of supervisor support. Journal of Organizational Behavior. (Vol. 22, pp. 537-550). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons,

The Test Statistic Essay Example for Free

The Test Statistic Essay Background: The decreasing scores of students in standardized tests in math and science have been a cause for concern for most education reformers; hence, intensive remediation had been designed for those who have been found to perform poorly at these tests. In order to test whether the intervention programs are effective, scores in the previous tests before the remediation was given will be compared to test scores after the remediation. Statement of the problem: Is there a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program? Independent variable: Remediation program Dependent variable: Test scores (before and after remediation) Hypothesis: Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program. Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program. Effect size The effect size would indicate the magnitude of the difference of the scores, using Cohen’s (1988) conventional system, an effect size of .02 is small, .05 is moderate and .08 is large. The probability value would only tell us whether to reject of accept the null hypothesis but in no way tells us whether the difference is small or large. Statistics t = 5.192 df = 214 n = 216 Effect size: .05 Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The answered research question is â€Å"Is there a significant difference between the test scores of students in science and math before and after the remediation program?† The hypothesis tested is as follows: Ho: p = 0 Ha: p ≠  0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The result of the t-test on student scores in the science and math test (t=5.192 at .05) which is larger than the t-critical value (p 4.33), with a sample size of 216 and a degrees of freedom of 214. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, thus, the remediation programs have indeed statistically increased the test scores of the students in science and math. The effect size is at .05 which is moderate (Cohen, 1988), this would indicate that the difference in the before and after test scores is moderate in value and hence is not really that large as expected. This would mean that the present remediation program has done its work but much is desired before it could be said that it has really reached its objective. References Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Academic Press. Cohen, B. (2001). Explaining Psychological Statistics. New York: Wiley. Moore, D.S. (2000). The Basic Practice of Statistics 2nd   ed. New York: W.H. Freeman.

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In this study the Bayesian inference will in conditioned on data and not on the design for in exploring Bayesian approach in crops trials. Our main interest was to ascertain how Bayesian methods have been applied in the design and analysis of real data of estimation of a single crop variety trial in block designs, genetic gain, genotypic and phenotypic correlations, and genotypes by environment integration, stability analysis and breeding values. The methodology for the literature search Bayesian methods in crop trials. Yuen and Mila (2012) state that a Bayesian approach is useful in plant pathology. Bayesian inference, based on probability is a convenient way to deal with these sorts of problem. The main difficulty with likelihood methods are optimization problems such as multiple modes, solution of likelihood equations etc., whereas integration problem is more often associate with Bayesian approach that largely due to the advancement in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, esp ecially Gibbs sampling techniques. WinBUGS (the Windows version of Bayesian inference Using Gibbs Samp...

Reason We Go to College Essay

Everyone has their own reason for wanting to get a degree in higher learning. Some of the reasons are; the love of learning, the chance to get away from their parents and be on their own. While others do it for the promise of a better future or just because they think that it is the right thing to do. Needless to say, there are countless reasons why we choose to further our education. Just like there are different reasons people go to college, there are different ways that people learn best. I will be telling you a little bit about my desire to earn my college diploma and how I think I learn best. Lots of people like to make money ever since currency was created and that is one of my motivations to complete college. According to Shaffer (2010), the top five reasons that people go to college are: to get an education, to expand their circle of awareness, to discover their passion, to network and to challenge themselves. I agree with all of these but as a parent, I also want to provide a great lifestyle for my children and complete what I’m teaching them to aim for. I love learning new things and having knowledge in my head instead of having to grab a dictionary, my phone or a computer to understand something. Though I love to increase my knowledge base, there are certain styles of learning that I excel in learning over others. Learning styles is new to me. All through high school and the first two years of college I have never heard of learning styles. I did know that I was more interested in a subject if a teacher/professor was lively, animated or just really excited about what they were teaching. I thought that’s how everyone else was. I was mistaken with that mindset. I took a couple of quizzes and learned that a few styles were my preferred method of learning. As written in Attribute advanogy. om (2004), There are seven main learning styles and they are: Visual (spatial), Aural (auditory), Verbal (linguistic), Physical (kinesthetic), Logical (mathematical), Social (interpersonal) and Solitary (intrapersonal). The tests that I took with Attribute (2004) and The Center for New Discoveries (2012), show that my preferred learning styles are verbal, aural, social and physical. My logical score was pretty high but it only showed up on one of the test results. The result are based on what I call the normal person standard, but I do not consider myself normal. Since that is the case, I will let you know if I agree with the results. Do I see myself as a verbal learner? Yes, because I love to talk and I like being able to get feedback instantly. I would rather give an oral presentation than type up a paper. If someone is lecturing on a subject, I will retain it easily if there is dialogue going back and forth in the class. The aural style I do not agree with as much because I can listen to music all day but if it is about school and it is something that I have to listen to, I will be going to sleep. I really enjoy touching things so the physical is a no brainer for me. I crave taking things apart to see how they work. As I said, I love to talk and I cannot talk to myself without being considered crazy, so yes, I am a social learner and I thrive off of others ideas. So, the tests got a three out of four which is not bad. Earning a college degree does not only hold the reward of monetary increase but it provides a sense of accomplishment and an example for our children who will be our future. Knowing how you learn best as an individual can help you know your shortcomings and prevent pitfalls and roadblocks on the road to a degree.

The Highest Ranked Small Business Accounting Software 2019

The best small business accounting software is going to be the package that is easiest for the small businessman to understand and use. That is a subjective decision and not one that a third party can determine for any individual. The best small business accounting software is going to be the product with the most features to one businessman, and the one with the simplest user interface will be best for the next guy. The top two products in 2017, according to the magazine PC World, were Quickbooks and Simply Accounting. Simply Accounting is deemed easier to use, while Quickbooks has a load of tutorials that come with its software. They also have three versions of the product, ranging from basic to deluxe. Prices for the Simply Accounting range from $50 to $500; Quickbooks is priced from $200 to $500. These two accounting software programs are not the only ones on the market that have a basic model with a couple of fancier iterations at higher prices. The shopping decision is going to be based, to some degree, on what features you need, which features you would like to have and which are overkill. .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5:active, .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Making a Difference with Payroll AccountingSeveral online reviews of small business accounting products show the same names popping up over and over. Quickbooks and Simply Accounting are two of them. MYOB Business Essentials is a title that appears often and is available in both Mac and PC version: it is described as a double entry system. Peachtree is also a product line that usually appears near the top of the charts. Microsoft has a couple of products that are included in the small business accounting software category: their Small Business Manager line and at the low end, under $100, Microsoft Money. About.com is a website that is designed to provide consumer recommendations on products. There are many categories aimed at business software: for each they provide a top ten list. There are also articles there on how to go about choosing a small business accounting software program. The site makes it clear that its reviews have no relation to its sponsored links. Their top ten choices for small business accounting software are .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba:active, .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Your Financial Future with a Finance degree: Peachtree Complete MYOB Business Essentials Pro Quickbooks Pro NetSuite Small Business Accounting Cougar Mountain Microsoft Small Business Manager Simply Accounting Pro CYMA IV Accounting DacEasy Microsoft Money 2017 This is one set of recommendations. ZDnet, another big tech website that rates all sort of products, produced a list of small business accounting software that basically contained the same major names and ignored the lesser known lines such as Cougar Mountain and DacEasy. The two major players in accounting software for small business are Microsoft and Intuit, which produces Quickbook and other Quicken products. There are reasons to shop the major product lines. One of them is that most will link seamlessly to Word and Excel, two programs that every small business uses for multiple purposes. But understand that each has an assortment of business accounting packages. You need to study the features of each one in depth, and determine which one has the features that are right for your business. .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0:active, .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Financial Planning a Worthwhile CareerRelated ArticlesSmall Business Management and Accounting SoftwareUniversity of Phoenix Nursing School How to Combine the Best of Online and Campus-based LearningPerls Value Among Programming LanguagesOklahoma Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Oklahoma, the Sooner StateVirginia Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Virginia, the Old Dominion StateWhat Are Free Accounting Software Programs