Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Judaism - Essay Example Jerusalem is their heavenly city. Unity of God is the most significant standards of Judaism. They accept that God cherishes his kin yet in addition, gives overwhelming discipline to the individuals who veer off from his way. Another extremely fundamental conviction is of atonement. In contrast to Christians, Jews accept that Savior was at this point to be conceived and generally anticipated by them. They accept that lone the approach of Savior would spare the individuals from sins. Judaism has three principle groups Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Judaism. Voni (2007) says that, The Orthodox accepts that there are 613 laws that were given to Moses from God the Father and keep those laws. As the name shows, they observe the strictest principles and are the most moderate type of Judaism. They accept and flourish to watch their religion in its unique frame and get roused by each word written in their consecrated writings. This is the most established, generally preservationist, and most different type of Judaism. Present day Orthodox, Chasidim and Ultra Orthodox offer a fundamental faith in the induction of Jewish law, even as they hold totally different points of view. They endeavor to follow the first type of Judaism as they see it to be. They view each word in their consecrated messages as being supernaturally motivated. Change Judaism mo

Organizational Communication Approaches and Processes

Question: Disucss about the Organizational Communication : Approaches and Processes. Answer: Presentation Effective workplaces are described by acceptable connections between laborers to laborers, laborers to the board and the executives and laborers. Individuals are social creatures and accordingly exist in bunches that are characterized by the connections that hold the gatherings together. At work representatives are not just held together by the conventional jobs that they play inside the association but instead the connections that characterize the presence of the gatherings. Social trade hypothesis proposes that connections depend on give and take where people have desires from others. mo (2006, P. 235) contends that these connections structure a progression of communications that produce into commitments that people hold towards one another time. Then again the mental agreement depends on the connection between the business and the representatives about common desires for data sources and results. In shaping connections at the work place representatives forego a portion of their pr ivileges to their kindred workers or the executives to keep up the relationship (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch Rhoades 2001, P. 44). In work environment conditions, bunch elements extraordinarily characterize the connections that may exist inside the association. Workers exist as people and gatherings simultaneously. This implies the manner in which people carry on when they are separated from everyone else and fit as a fiddle the connections that exist. The board needs to guarantee that there are legitimate connections at the work environment to accomplish hierarchical goals and furthermore limit struggle (Blyton Turnbull 1998, P. 12). Along these lines the director needs to set up systems that can improve the connections that representatives have. This paper looks at how the board can improve work connections improve confidence, efficiency and feeling of collaboration in an association. This depends on how representative relations can be improved through correspondence, me eting, goals of contention, social decent variety, morals, winning trust and certainty of laborers, relational correspondence styles, systems administration and the executives of workers. Correspondence Correspondence is a key instrument in shaping connections inside the association and accomplishing coordination between representatives. Goris, Vaught Prett (2000, P. 353) propose that the job of correspondence in associations is to provide away from of the authoritative needs and the job that representatives play. Clear correspondence permits assignment obligations to workers and executing of undertakings. Collaboration inside an association depends on legitimate correspondence between various people, gatherings and offices in an association. The board imparts undertakings to administrators who thusly convey or allocate representatives the assignments. Then again representatives need to impart among themselves throughout completing assignments. Framework speculations recommend that the association resembles a framework that depends on facilitated exertion to accomplish undertakings. Coordination is accomplished through sending of data starting with one source then onto the next and getting criticism over the equivalent. Representatives additionally use correspondence to frame connections between one another inside the association to shape gatherings. Mill operator (2009, P. 11) contends that ddifferent specialized instruments exist yet association need to guarantee that specialized techniques are streamlined to guarantee messages are effortlessly comprehended by each representative. The best correspondence to workers is through gathering to permit representatives raise gives that worry the association. Meeting are the most favored specialized apparatus as opposed to notices and other specialized instruments. This permits the executives to connect with representatives and structure work-based connections. Then again representatives can resolve gives that influence them through gathering at their level. Clashes have been settled in gatherings while associations that neglect to hold gatherings have awful associations with representatives and exceptionally reveale d clashes. Meeting Steady strain to increment authoritative execution has prompted the requirement for worker inclusion through conference. The strategy has been exceptionally prised for expanding the viability of HR by outfitting the capability of representative to business advantage. High contribution of representatives through interview has gotten powerful in the quick work that they do (Ciavarell 2003, P. 6). Meeting is a dynamic instrument that guarantees the association has legitimate help in the choices that are made by the executives. To improve representative relations discussion is utilized in deciding the contribution of workers in dynamic procedures in an association. This prompts positive changes that may affect the relationship that representatives have with the association. Discussion is utilized as an administration instrument that empowers the board to improve associations with representatives through including them dynamic procedure. The executives draws near to workers by diminishing bottlenecks and the feeling of inadequacy that representatives have in the association. Government assistance (2005, P. 95) suggets that exceptionally consultative association have a simple time turning out new systems and correspondence new choices to representatives. Since counsel depends on utilizing worker contribution to dynamic, at that point representatives need to adjust to the new changes that have been made since they are a piece of the choices that have been made. Then again meeting improves representative certainty which is significant in improving associations with the board. Goals of clashing issues Development of workforce in associations expands the degrees of contention that are experienced inside the association. As associations increment in size, bunch elements additionally increment and along these lines strife levels raise inside the association. Along these lines worker connection systems should target guaranteeing that contention is diminished inside the working environment to make a domain that is helpful for the association (Vandenberghe, Bentei Stinglhambe 2002, P. 590). The executives needs to create aptitudes that keep up amicable connections inside the association to improve relational correspondence and oversee strife. Marxists contend that contention emerges from shortage of assets where distribution is one-sided among workers. Along these lines strife inside an association is an aftereffect of poor administration of assets. This involves issues like assignment of obligations, appropriation of assets and apparatuses of exchange that representatives depend on to improve work. Figuring out how to oversee strife assists directors with settling representative relations without any problem. This involves creating compromise instruments where the board handles them utilizing a standard component inside the association. This incorporates building up appropriate announcing instruments that empower workers to report struggle related issues (Blyton 1998, p. 12). Convenient announcing and treatment of contention decrease strife heightening to optional issues in the association. Subsequently the executives needs to guarantee that there are appropriate compromise instruments that are set up to determine representative related issues. In certain associations board are created to be responsible for such issues that establish both worker and part of the executives. This is planned for improving the connections inside the association. Grasping of social assorted variety in associations Development of associations and extension of business forms prompts a move in workforce socioeconomics inside the associations. Associations are compelled to grasp contrasts and change that is an aftereffect of utilizing individuals from various social assorted varieties. Social assorted variety is the nature of various societies inside an association that incorporate race, sex, ethnic gathering, age, character, subjective style, residency, authoritative capacity and training. Pearce(2008, P. 22) expresses that ddiversity includes how individuals see others and structure connections that sway the association. Social assorted variety can have both negative and beneficial outcomes inside the association. Work place decent variety can be utilized as a human asset the board apparatus to improve relations inside the association. Human asset need to grasp assorted variety through improved correspondence and giving a domain to versatility inside the association. Treatment of representatives decides how different societies join together for hierarchical turn of events. In this manner the board needs to oversee decent variety issues by creating plans that permit detailing of numerous worker issues. To oversee decent variety in the work place, the executives needs to evaluate the degree of assorted variety at the workforce and build up an arrangement to be actualized for dealing with the decent variety in the association (Samovar, Porter, McDaniel 2009, P. 21). Morals are a lot of good standards identifying with a specific gathering or association. , any associations have set up a set of principles that decides how the workers and the board act. These moral qualities characterize the association and shape the connections that workers structure between themselves, with the board and with customers. They structure a huge human asset relationship of common reliance that extraordinarily impacts the association. George Jones (2002, P. 17) express that eethical issues involve reasonable treatment of the workforce and it shapes some portion of the commitment that the association has towards representatives. Then again workers have an ethical commitment involves reliability to the association. Authoritative culture can be sued to impart moral conduct in representatives. Kolbs learning cycle talks about the learning styles that representatives experience inside an association. New representatives learn work connections designs and moral issues from their kindred representatives through realizing what they do. A decent hierarchical culture characterizes the connections that exist in the association and

Trends, Issues and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patterns, Issues and Community - Essay Example Notwithstanding, neoclassical methodologies are likewise not without their blemishes and hence handy policymaking should be tied in with guaranteeing that the legislature is driven hard to convey what is the best from accessible assets. This short exposition presents a conversation about the neoclassical and the Keynesian or the government assistance state ways to deal with arrangement making and presents an assessment of the effect of neoclassical ways to deal with policymaking in Australia. I guarantee that, with the exception of where refered to in the content, this work is the aftereffect of research completed by the creator of this investigation. The primary substance of the examination which has been introduced contains work that has not recently been accounted for anyplace. People and networks in Australia and in other created countries are frequently confused at the downfall of the alleged government assistance state which had done undeniably more to attempt to take care of the person than what is regularly watched today. In this way, government strategies are presently compelling individual residents to take on unquestionably greater duty in almost everything, running from government assistance, instruction to wellbeing regardless of a specific absence of fulfillment with this methodology from the residents (Center for Policy Development, 2008, â€Å"Real World Economics†). The new policymaking is clarified as far as the restricted capacity of the network to think about the person because of asset imperatives and a move from the Keynesian/Welfare state way to deal with the neoclassical or the new right methodologies that are planned not exclusively to give yet additionally to modify singular conduct in a way that is probably going to be to a le sser extent a weight to the general public on the loose. The change that is currently watched is frequently upsetting for the individuals who had seen far superior days when government truly minded and help was constantly accessible in troublesome occasions. Accordingly, it bodes well to attempt to comprehend what controls the new policymaking that has affected almost all features of individual’s presence inside the network and why Australians and others

College Essay Samples - How to Find Essays to Help You Format Your Argumentative Essay

College Essay Samples - How to Find Essays to Help You Format Your Argumentative EssayIf you're planning to go to college this fall and decide to write an argumentative essay that you need to submit to your college and are discouraged by how hard it is to write, then you should check out some Argumentative Essay College Samples. There are plenty of resources online that can help you with this, so be sure to make use of them.Arguments are often developed in writing classes in college. They also start to develop and sharpen in students when they have an argumentative essay that they have written. It is an argument that they have made, which can either be a thesis or a criticism. You should always try to develop your arguments and express them in a unique way that is thought provoking.There are some individuals who prefer to submit the essay as a set of individual essay format. These types of essays will benefit from the essays are written in a kind of declarative style. They will be wr itten with examples and the use of various examples to help them make the argument that they want to. It is best to write these types of essays at the end of the semester so that they can help the student demonstrate that they have taken their studies to the next level.There is also Argumentative Essay College Samples that is written by experts in the particular subject. They will be provided by those that are able to research and write academic documents. The way that they will help your essay is to not only show you examples that are related to the subject but to provide you with examples that are very real, while helping you make the argument that you need to. The help that they provide is also given with the help of a variety of different writers.There is also Argumentative Essay College Samples that you can choose to read. There are some sites that you can use to find essays that will help with writing a thesis or a critical essay. The advantage to reading these essays is that they will help you see where you are making your argumentative contributions. It is important to always know what your essay is doing so that you can find the areas that you are struggling with.The benefit to these essay samples is that they will show you a variety of ways that you can write an argumentative essay. As long as you are having trouble, then you should go and look at a sample that will help you understand and formulate your argumentative essay. For example, you should look at college samples that will help you format the argument that you need to. They will also help you develop your writing as you go on.If you are having trouble writing your essay, then check out these Argumentative Essay College Samples to help you understand the best way to write an argumentative essay. You will find that these essay samples to help you understand how to develop an argument that is relevant to the subject matter of your essay. You will also be able to find a variety of different writ ers that can help you with this. The decision will come down to how much you are struggling with your essay.

How Has Religion Changed Art - 2645 Words

Daynah Grant Ms. Anttila Senior Workshop Part 3 Paper: How has Religion Changed art? What is art? It can be explained as a diverse building up of mortal activities. Art is the single thing that can change people by the thousands, millions, and billions. If we were to use words to describe exactly what art is we can say that it is: expression, beauty, different, love, technical, abstract, creativity, always changing, convincing, emotion, free, diverse, innovative and inspiring. Art has changed many people and gave humans what they need to morph into what they are now. Most of us don’t think of art as much, Most of us thinks that art has nothing to do with the world of today. If we look at the most basic of things we can see how†¦show more content†¦The earliest recorded of art was around 25000 BCE and before this time. This art included pieces like the Venus of Willendorf. The Venus of Willendorf is a figurine that was found in Austria featuring a female carved from limestone. This is not the only Venus figurine found, others were made with bone, ivory and clay. Also all of the Venus figurines have a diamond shaped. Many prehistoric art involved sculptures. A lot of Neolithic as said before cannot be proven as religious but this is starting off art we have today which we need to review over. Some prehistoric artwork includes the Jiahu Carvings, the Jiahu carvings were dated back to 7000 BCE and are made out of red crown crane bone. they ar e flutes with 5 to 8 holes these were supposedly used for rituals. Another piece of artwork can be known as the Niola Doa. The Niola Doa was found in Africa and is dated back to 3000 BCE. Let’s fast forward a couple thousand years, before the 1400s in the Middle Ages (also known as medieval times) we observe the concept of religious art. Back then the art had very unrealistic looks looking at the style of the art. This is when religious art really thrived. In medieval times the art style was gothic and much of the gothic style was influenced in the cathedrals in Europe today. As we see main focuses were on the church and there was nothing else. In This art, you can tell the major differences from the renaissance and the

Summary Of The Jataka Tales - 2204 Words

THE JATAKA TALES On a warm July night, a prince was born in Jambudvipa (India). He grew up in a lifestyle filled with the finest of things, confined in his palace, being sheltered from the realities of danger. His father raised him to be the next wheel-turning king. Siddhartha Gautama did not know that he had the â€Å"markings† that predetermined his life. His father chose him as king, but as history proves, his dharma was to be the Buddha. Siddhartha’s encounter with the outside world during his manhood, struck him to his core. He would refuse the heir to the throne, and with his â€Å"Great Departure† he would seek out the life of the ascetics to find meaning to the world’s sufferings. During his six year journey, he was still plagued with questions of suffering and remained in meditation until he found his answers. Here under the Bodhi tree, he found the answers in which he was earnestly seeking, and in the process transformed himself into the â€Å"E nlightened One.† Awoke from his prolonged unconsciousness, he understood that every living thing was a part of Samsara (The eternal cycle of life). He spoke of reincarnation and how a person would continue to be born, live, and die over many life times until he changed his karma and gradually made his way towards Brahmin. This goal can take many life times, hundreds, even thousands. Buddha spoke of his many embodiments and how he made his way to his last rebirth as the Buddha. The Jataka Tales is a large collection of stories the Buddha

Appraisal of Capital Investment Decisions - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Appraisal of Capital Investment Decisions. Answer: Introduction The capital investment decisions involve huge sum of money therefore it is of paramount importance for the management to make these decisions after carrying out the analysis effectively. There are various tools and techniques being applied for the purpose of analyzing the financial viability of a capital investment, the most prominent among them is the net present value technique (NPV) (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). The other techniques involve internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and accounting rate of return. In this context, the report presented here provides discussion on various techniques of capital investment analysis such as NPV, IRR, Payback period etc. Further, the report also demonstrates the practical application of NPV technique in analyzing the machine replacement decision (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). Watleys is considering replacing the old machine with the automated new machine which is expected to reduce the manufacturing cost to a large extent over the period of four years. The machine will initially cost 60,000 and require a sum of 2,000 being incurred per year on maintenance. The new machine is expected to reduce the manufacturing labor cost by 22,000 for four years. In order to analyze that whether this replacement decision would be financially worthwhile or not, the NPV has been computed as below: NPV of Project Year Cash Flows PVF@10% PV 0 (60,000.00) 1.000 (60,000.00) 1 20,000.00 0.909 18,181.82 2 20,000.00 0.826 16,528.93 3 20,000.00 0.751 15,026.30 4 20,000.00 0.683 13,660.27 NPV 3,397.31 It can be observed from the computations shown in the table given above that the NPV of replacement is 3,397.31. The positive NPV of replacement decision reflects that it would be worthwhile to implement the replacement of the machine. Thus, it is advised that the company should go for replacement of old machine with the new automated machine. There are three crucial elements found in any capital investment decisions such as cash inflows, outflows, and discount rate. In order to compute cash inflows, outflows, and discount rate, there are made a number of assumptions. The capital investment decision is futuristic and thus, assumptions are made about the future outlook in respect of these three crucial elements (Rhrich, 2014). The computation of cash inflows requires estimation about the sale units and unit price. Similarly, estimations are made in respect of costs to arrive at the cash outflows. Further, the determination of discount rate requires various assumptions about the risk and expected return of the investors (Rhrich, 2014). The discounting of cash flows is normally done at the desired rate of return of the investors which in the case of a company is taken as WACC. Further, the computation of WACC is based on the estimations of cost of equity and after tax cost of debt. The estimation of cost of debt is however simple and requires less assumptions but the same is not the case with cost of equity. The cost of equity is computed based on various assumptions, for example, assumption about future dividend payment, growth rate, risk free rate, and market risk premium. Further, the assumptions are also required to be made about the life span of the project in which capital investment is being made (Rhrich, 2014). In regards to the replacement of old cutting machine with the new automated machine, the two crucial assumptions are savings in the labor cost and useful life of machine. It has been assumed that the new machine will cause savings in the labor cost of 22,000 annually. Further, it has been assumed that the machine will require annual maintenance incurring a sum of 2,000. These assumptions are based on the initial estimates only and thus, there always remains possibility of variance (Drury, 2008). It may be possible that the maintenance cost is increased in future and thus, the company may incur additional money or it may decrease also resulting in increase in savings. Further, it has been assumed that the new machine will be in a workable condition for 4 years. However, it may or may not or it may end up with more years (Drury, 2008). It is essential to note that the assumptions should be made in such a way that the possibility of variance is reduced. If the assumptions are made precisely, the possibility of achieving the desired outcome is increased. For example, if the life of new machine is not estimated precisely and suppose if the machine is retired from use after three years, the resultant NPV would be less than 3,397.31 which might make the replacement decision less attractive. Thus, it is crucial to make the assumption precisely considering the past and future performance (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). It has already been discussed that there are various capital investment appraisal method/techniques. Some of them involve the use of time value of money and some do not. For example, the NPV and IRR techniques use the concept of time value of money while the payback period and accounting rate of return are the techniques that do not implicate the use of time value of money (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). The net present value technique requires the calculation of present value of net cash inflows and comparing the same with the initial capital outlay. If the initial capital outlay is less than the present value of net cash inflows, the NPV is positive and hence the project becomes acceptable. On the other hand, if the initial capital outlay is greater than the present value of net cash inflows, the NPV is negative and hence the project is liable to be rejected. Keeping the NPV aside, the project can also be appraised using the IRR technique. The internal rate of return is the breakeven return that the project must earn in order to be called financially worthwhile. The internal rate of return is compared with the cost of capital and if the IRR is greater than the cost of capital, the project is accepted else it is rejected (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). The internal rate of return technique is also widely used but it suffers from certain limitations which restricts its use in the special circumstances. For instance, when the series of cash flows involves cash outflows at more than one occasion, it may result in multiple IRRs giving conflicting views (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). However, when it comes on comparing more than one mutually exclusive project with each other; the IRR is considered better than NPV. Further, the payback period is also used in analyzing the financial viability of the project. The payback period computes the time duration within which the amount of initial investment would be recovered. In most of the cases, the payback period method is used in conjunction with other methods such as NPV and IRR. The payback period used singly in analyzing the projects financial worth would be less useful (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). In the current case, there is single project under consideration. The financial viability of a single project could be assessed applying any of the three methods such as NPV, IRR, and payback period. The results of all three methods would lead to same conclusion about acceptance or rejection of the project. The NPV method has been applied in assessing that whether the replacement decision is financially worthwhile or not. If the IRR or payback period is applied, the result would be same i.e. the project would be acceptable (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). Conclusion In analyzing the projects financial viability, the management of the company may consider applying a number of methods such as NPV, IRR, and payback period. The management should consider that these methods have different characteristics and some specific situations may require use of specific method. However, the NPV method is commonly applied and it is considered as one of the most appropriate and suitable to all conditions method. In analyzing the replacement decision of Watley, the NPV method has been applied which shows a positive NPV of 3,397.31. References Atrill, P. and E. J. McLaney. 2008. Accounting and Finance for Non-specialists. Prentice Hall Financial Times. Chapman, C.S., Hopwood, A.G., and Shields, M.D. 2011. Handbook of Management Accounting Research. Elsevier. Drury, C. 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. Cengage Learning EMEA. Gotze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P., 2016.Investment appraisal. Springer-verlag berlin an. Rhrich, M. 2014. Fundamentals of Investment Appraisal: An Illustration based on a Case Study. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG.

The Rainforests Are Very Important To The World For Many Reasons, Most

The rainforests are very important to the world for many reasons, most of them being very simple. One major reason is that the plants in the forest turn carbon dioxide into clean air, which helps us fight pollution. Also, by absorbing carbon dioxide, the rainforests help deter the greenhouse effect. The trees of the rainforest store carbon dioxide in their roots, stems, branches, and leaves. The plants and animals of the rainforest also provide us with food, fuel wood, shelter, jobs, and medicines. Image losing the potential cure for cancer or AIDS that might have been found in an undiscovered plant from the rainforest. (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) The vine Aucistrocladus koropensis may be effective in treating AIDS; we can only guess what other beneficial plants may be destroyed before we find them. (Allo, 1996) It is repeated often that the rainforest contains important plants that will cure the worst diseases of today. Although there is scientific proof of its value, the rainforest continues to disappear. In ever sense, a standing rainforest supplies more economic wealth then if it were cleared... ...yet deforestation continues at an alarming rate. (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) According to the National Forest Association of Forest Industries (1996), there are about 4 billion hectares of forest in the world, of which about 25 percent is tropical rainforest. The rainforest is full of diversity when it comes to the plants and animals that inhabit it... many of them are found no where else on Earth. These species have extremely valuable medical properties... the only known cure for certain diseases come from species of the rainforest. As an example of the rainforest's diversity, a single hectare in Kenya's Kakamega Forest may host between 100 and 150 different tree species, compared to only about 10 different species in a hectare of the forest of North America. (Allo, 1996) The diversity of rainforest species applies to much more than just trees. Although insects represent only 62 percent of the 1.4 million named organisms on the planet, scientists estimate that the total number of arthropods to number between 8 million and 80 million. (Allo, 1996) Only 20 percent of the nutrients of the rainforest are in the soil; 80 percent of the nutrients remain in the trees and plants. The rainwater of the forest is recycled by evaporation. Clouds above the forest's canopy help reflect sunlight which keeps temperatures within the forest to remain more stable. Although rainforests take vast amounts of time to regenerate, young forests are more effective at removing carbon from the air than older forests. Older forests absorb carbon less efficiently, but have more total carbon stored within them. The soil of the rainforests is only suitable for being rainforest soil, crops do not grow well in it. When forests are cut down, the soil erodes quickly and soon only a dry desert remains. Humans also inhabit the rainforests. Most of these people are indigenous, or Indian. It is estimated that there are over 1,000 or more indigenous groups around the world, but they are also becoming extinct. In 1900, Brazil had one million Indians. Today, there are fewer than 200,000 in the Amazon. (Stevenson Press, 1996) There are two types of rainforests: tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are found in 85 countries around the world. Ninety percent of these forests are concentrated into fifteen countries, each country containing over 10 million hectares each. (Malaysian Timber Council, 1995) Tropical rainforests are located near the equator, where temperatures stay above 80 degrees Fahrenheit year round. These dense, damp forests occur in Latin and South America, Africa, and in Southeast Asia. Although they [tropical rainforests] cover just seven percent of the Earth's surface, they can provide habitat for between 50 and 90 percent of its plant and animal species. In 1990, tropical rainforests totaled some 1.7 billion hectares. (Forest Alliance of British Columbia, 1996) Half of the world's rainforests lie within the borders of Brazil, Indonesia, and Zaire. A tropical rainforest has three layers: the forest floor, the understory, and the canopy. The forest floor has poor soil. Mainly insects live on this layer, although large mammals like gorillas and jaguars are also found there. Many smaller animals, including anteaters, lemurs, and tree kangaroos live in the understory. This is also where many small trees and shrubs are found. The canopy, or top layer, is made up of the tops of trees which can grow to be over 200 feet high. Many tropical birds, monkeys, apes, snakes, and other animals live in

Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory

Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory Abstract There are many theories on what defines successful leadership and contingency and situational leadership are among them. These two theories are almost similar but the contingency leadership theory is not about whether or not a style should be adapted to external factors but rather how different factors can interact in unexpected ways to shape the outcome.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Situational leadership theory is based on the interaction between the dimensions of task behavior and relationship behavior as well as follower readiness/maturity in performing a certain task. Followers are the most critical factor in leadership proceedings and as followers differ, so does the suitable method of management. Contingency theories of leadership hold that there is no one best way of leadership and that an organiz ational/ leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others (Fiedler, 1964). Introduction Fiedler (1964), states that the success of a leader in a given situation isn’t up to the skills that the leader has, but rather how those skills line up with factors outside of him or her. This means that it isn’t just having a skilled leader that leads to success, but rather it is having a leader who can solve the right problems in the right way and at the right time. Discussion Edward (2004) in his article states that â€Å"although situation and contingency mandates managers to take into account such things as the experience of employees, the time available to make a decision, and the type of work that is to be done; they leave the employees uncertain on how they will be treated†. The employees also feel left out in decisions making and not fully informed by their manager. To further support Edward’s arguments, Yuki (1981); in hi s study indicates that concept of task relevant maturity e.g. job maturity that is notable in both theories is conceptionally ambiguous and hence poses serious flaws to these theories. However, in a research done by scholars such as Graeff (1983) indicates that; â€Å"the situational nature of leadership brings forth the concept that one style of management cannot possibly fit all situations†. Edward (2004) in his article also recalls that the recognition of the subordinate as the most important asset in an organization is a determinant of appropriate leader’s behavior by both the contingency and situational leadership theories.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his study, Edward (2004), states that â€Å"the degree to which subordinates like or trust the leader, the degree to which the task is structured and the formal authority possessed by the leader are key determinants of the leadership situation†. To add on Vroom and Yetton (1973) indicate that, â€Å"the effectiveness of a decision made by a leader depends upon a number of aspects of the situation†. Hersey and Blanchard (1977), explains that the leadership method one employs should be dependent on the situation and that before one selects a leadership style to use, they must first understand the situation and the importance of the possible outcomes. However, Edward (2004) reiterates that the leadership brand needs to apply across the entire organization and at all times and should not involve what is often called situational leadership† as this will result to confusion and alienate people in an organization. Conclusion Although the two leadership theories have their setbacks, I feel that their main strengths should not be ignored. For example, the situation approach shows leaders what to do and when to do it and contingency approach is valuable for its ability to deal with diverse situations requiring the exercise of leadership. Generally Edward’s article highlights very important approaches that leaders should use to usefully manage their organization and employees. References Edward, E. L (2004) Leading A Virtuous-Spiral Organization. Leader To Leader, No.32. Fiedler, F. E. (1964) A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.1). 149-190. Graeff, C.L. (1981) Some theoretical issues that undermine the utility of the Hersey-Blanchard situation leadership theory: A critical view. Relationship between theory, research and practice. 19th Annual Southern Management Meeting. Atlanta, 204-206.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. (1982) Management of organization behavior: Utilizing human resource s. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc Vroom, V.H. and Yetton, P.W. (1973) Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press Yuki, G.A. (1981) Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Software applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software applications - Essay Example It is the reason why it is better not to rely too much upon this service in order to prevent mistakes in spelling or grammar. One of my favorite services is the ability to make footnotes and endnotes. It is very convenient when I need to add information or leave a reminder to check something later. It is also very convenient to create well-formatted outlines with updatable page numbers. PPT and Exel are very useful for creating presentations and tables. PPT gives much space for creativity; one can select different styles and formats or slides. Moreover, it is possible to insert multimedia files such as music, video or pictures in the presentation to make it entertaining. When I have to present something, I usually use this application to create some support for my speech. Exel is applicable in working with data. It makes it simple to craft table or diagrams, where variable can be changed and other numbers will update automatically. For instance, I can count my expenditures in Exel and create a comprehensive report. I think that services from MS Office are more convenient than handwriting. First of all, the produced result is easily readable. When any text is typed, it be sent anywhere by one clock only. Also, it is easy to highlight something in the text, select appropriate font type and size. Handwriting is less convenient in terms of formatting. However, it is more applicable when I need to take some notes watching the film, write down a phone number or create an outline. Using these applications every day, I am sure that they are more convenient than hand-writing. Even though writing can be faster and more convenient than typing sometimes, typing makes texts more accurate and readable. It becomes more applicable for further work because it is better structured, formatted and

Reflection paper about upervisor support Assignment

Reflection paper about upervisor support - Assignment Example In most cases, supervisors have a lot of work experience in comparison to other employees. In effect, they enhance teamwork by supporting other members of the organization in their roles using their gained experience. Furthermore, teamwork leads to job satisfaction in an organization, which further leads to high productivity. Hence, the supervisor greatly influences productivity in an organization. However, it is important to note that, at some instances some employees may fail to see the limit to which the extent of support reaches. In this case, this might be instances in which support is deemed too much. As such, some of these employees may consider themselves equal in standing with the supervisors. In effect, they may become laidback in their roles and effectively decline in productivity. However, such occurrences are rare once an organization establishes the limit to supervisor support. As explained, the role of a supervisor in supporting their staff is crucial in an organization. In this regard, the organization should find ways of improving the role of supervisors in supporting the other members of staff. One way of improving supervisors support is by the management giving the supervisors all the support they need in executing their roles in the organization. Once the management gives the supervisors its undue support, the supervisor reciprocates and offers support to those they are supervising. On the other hand, in-service training of the supervisor and other staff members is crucial to ensure each member plays their role effectively. Griffin, M. A., Patterson, M. G., & West, M. A (2001). Job satisfaction and teamwork: The role of supervisor support. Journal of Organizational Behavior. (Vol. 22, pp. 537-550). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons,

The Test Statistic Essay Example for Free

The Test Statistic Essay Background: The decreasing scores of students in standardized tests in math and science have been a cause for concern for most education reformers; hence, intensive remediation had been designed for those who have been found to perform poorly at these tests. In order to test whether the intervention programs are effective, scores in the previous tests before the remediation was given will be compared to test scores after the remediation. Statement of the problem: Is there a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program? Independent variable: Remediation program Dependent variable: Test scores (before and after remediation) Hypothesis: Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program. Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program. Effect size The effect size would indicate the magnitude of the difference of the scores, using Cohen’s (1988) conventional system, an effect size of .02 is small, .05 is moderate and .08 is large. The probability value would only tell us whether to reject of accept the null hypothesis but in no way tells us whether the difference is small or large. Statistics t = 5.192 df = 214 n = 216 Effect size: .05 Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The answered research question is â€Å"Is there a significant difference between the test scores of students in science and math before and after the remediation program?† The hypothesis tested is as follows: Ho: p = 0 Ha: p ≠  0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The result of the t-test on student scores in the science and math test (t=5.192 at .05) which is larger than the t-critical value (p 4.33), with a sample size of 216 and a degrees of freedom of 214. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, thus, the remediation programs have indeed statistically increased the test scores of the students in science and math. The effect size is at .05 which is moderate (Cohen, 1988), this would indicate that the difference in the before and after test scores is moderate in value and hence is not really that large as expected. This would mean that the present remediation program has done its work but much is desired before it could be said that it has really reached its objective. References Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Academic Press. Cohen, B. (2001). Explaining Psychological Statistics. New York: Wiley. Moore, D.S. (2000). The Basic Practice of Statistics 2nd   ed. New York: W.H. Freeman.

Essay --

In this study the Bayesian inference will in conditioned on data and not on the design for in exploring Bayesian approach in crops trials. Our main interest was to ascertain how Bayesian methods have been applied in the design and analysis of real data of estimation of a single crop variety trial in block designs, genetic gain, genotypic and phenotypic correlations, and genotypes by environment integration, stability analysis and breeding values. The methodology for the literature search Bayesian methods in crop trials. Yuen and Mila (2012) state that a Bayesian approach is useful in plant pathology. Bayesian inference, based on probability is a convenient way to deal with these sorts of problem. The main difficulty with likelihood methods are optimization problems such as multiple modes, solution of likelihood equations etc., whereas integration problem is more often associate with Bayesian approach that largely due to the advancement in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, esp ecially Gibbs sampling techniques. WinBUGS (the Windows version of Bayesian inference Using Gibbs Samp...

Reason We Go to College Essay

Everyone has their own reason for wanting to get a degree in higher learning. Some of the reasons are; the love of learning, the chance to get away from their parents and be on their own. While others do it for the promise of a better future or just because they think that it is the right thing to do. Needless to say, there are countless reasons why we choose to further our education. Just like there are different reasons people go to college, there are different ways that people learn best. I will be telling you a little bit about my desire to earn my college diploma and how I think I learn best. Lots of people like to make money ever since currency was created and that is one of my motivations to complete college. According to Shaffer (2010), the top five reasons that people go to college are: to get an education, to expand their circle of awareness, to discover their passion, to network and to challenge themselves. I agree with all of these but as a parent, I also want to provide a great lifestyle for my children and complete what I’m teaching them to aim for. I love learning new things and having knowledge in my head instead of having to grab a dictionary, my phone or a computer to understand something. Though I love to increase my knowledge base, there are certain styles of learning that I excel in learning over others. Learning styles is new to me. All through high school and the first two years of college I have never heard of learning styles. I did know that I was more interested in a subject if a teacher/professor was lively, animated or just really excited about what they were teaching. I thought that’s how everyone else was. I was mistaken with that mindset. I took a couple of quizzes and learned that a few styles were my preferred method of learning. As written in Attribute advanogy. om (2004), There are seven main learning styles and they are: Visual (spatial), Aural (auditory), Verbal (linguistic), Physical (kinesthetic), Logical (mathematical), Social (interpersonal) and Solitary (intrapersonal). The tests that I took with Attribute (2004) and The Center for New Discoveries (2012), show that my preferred learning styles are verbal, aural, social and physical. My logical score was pretty high but it only showed up on one of the test results. The result are based on what I call the normal person standard, but I do not consider myself normal. Since that is the case, I will let you know if I agree with the results. Do I see myself as a verbal learner? Yes, because I love to talk and I like being able to get feedback instantly. I would rather give an oral presentation than type up a paper. If someone is lecturing on a subject, I will retain it easily if there is dialogue going back and forth in the class. The aural style I do not agree with as much because I can listen to music all day but if it is about school and it is something that I have to listen to, I will be going to sleep. I really enjoy touching things so the physical is a no brainer for me. I crave taking things apart to see how they work. As I said, I love to talk and I cannot talk to myself without being considered crazy, so yes, I am a social learner and I thrive off of others ideas. So, the tests got a three out of four which is not bad. Earning a college degree does not only hold the reward of monetary increase but it provides a sense of accomplishment and an example for our children who will be our future. Knowing how you learn best as an individual can help you know your shortcomings and prevent pitfalls and roadblocks on the road to a degree.

The Highest Ranked Small Business Accounting Software 2019

The best small business accounting software is going to be the package that is easiest for the small businessman to understand and use. That is a subjective decision and not one that a third party can determine for any individual. The best small business accounting software is going to be the product with the most features to one businessman, and the one with the simplest user interface will be best for the next guy. The top two products in 2017, according to the magazine PC World, were Quickbooks and Simply Accounting. Simply Accounting is deemed easier to use, while Quickbooks has a load of tutorials that come with its software. They also have three versions of the product, ranging from basic to deluxe. Prices for the Simply Accounting range from $50 to $500; Quickbooks is priced from $200 to $500. These two accounting software programs are not the only ones on the market that have a basic model with a couple of fancier iterations at higher prices. The shopping decision is going to be based, to some degree, on what features you need, which features you would like to have and which are overkill. .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5:active, .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u677a72f09abe5e9713635988c72384b5:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Making a Difference with Payroll AccountingSeveral online reviews of small business accounting products show the same names popping up over and over. Quickbooks and Simply Accounting are two of them. MYOB Business Essentials is a title that appears often and is available in both Mac and PC version: it is described as a double entry system. Peachtree is also a product line that usually appears near the top of the charts. Microsoft has a couple of products that are included in the small business accounting software category: their Small Business Manager line and at the low end, under $100, Microsoft Money. About.com is a website that is designed to provide consumer recommendations on products. There are many categories aimed at business software: for each they provide a top ten list. There are also articles there on how to go about choosing a small business accounting software program. The site makes it clear that its reviews have no relation to its sponsored links. Their top ten choices for small business accounting software are .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba:active, .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u116e6ac19c575b556b2bd70fba4c8bba:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Your Financial Future with a Finance degree: Peachtree Complete MYOB Business Essentials Pro Quickbooks Pro NetSuite Small Business Accounting Cougar Mountain Microsoft Small Business Manager Simply Accounting Pro CYMA IV Accounting DacEasy Microsoft Money 2017 This is one set of recommendations. ZDnet, another big tech website that rates all sort of products, produced a list of small business accounting software that basically contained the same major names and ignored the lesser known lines such as Cougar Mountain and DacEasy. The two major players in accounting software for small business are Microsoft and Intuit, which produces Quickbook and other Quicken products. There are reasons to shop the major product lines. One of them is that most will link seamlessly to Word and Excel, two programs that every small business uses for multiple purposes. But understand that each has an assortment of business accounting packages. You need to study the features of each one in depth, and determine which one has the features that are right for your business. .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0:active, .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ud4bfb54f33867a2a13a9eb9f5f06a2f0:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Financial Planning a Worthwhile CareerRelated ArticlesSmall Business Management and Accounting SoftwareUniversity of Phoenix Nursing School How to Combine the Best of Online and Campus-based LearningPerls Value Among Programming LanguagesOklahoma Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Oklahoma, the Sooner StateVirginia Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Virginia, the Old Dominion StateWhat Are Free Accounting Software Programs

Haskell Indian Nations University Admissions Data

Effects of Air Pollution in Delhi - 1950 Words

Introduction Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and holes in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this†¦show more content†¦Data from continuous monitoring of air quality reveals that suspended particulate matter levels still far exceed stipulated standards, there is a significant downward trend as indicated in the following tables. Due to phenomenal growth in the number of motor vehicles Delhi and power generation based on a fired power stations, total amount on coal fired power stations, and total amount of pollutants received by the city is around 3000 tonnes as compared to 100 tonnes a decade ago. Sixty five percent of these pollutants are produced by motor vehicles. Annual average maximum, levels of SPM in Delhis air has increased from 7.6 times the permissible limit in 1987 to 16.7 time in 1995. The steep increase in vehicle population has resulted in a corresponding increase in pollutants emitted by vehicles. Petrol consumption has increased from 133 thousands tons in 1980-81 to 449 thousand tons in 1996-97 and HSD consumption from 377 thousands tons to 1,234 thousand tons during the same period. Two wheelers, which constitute 66% of the vehicles registered in Delhi, are the major source of air pollution. Thermal power plants contribute to 13% of air pollution. 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Researches are done by critically comparing, summarizing and analyzing the data from academic articles. Delhi pollution control committee is proposed to be our client. The ambient PM2.5 in Delhi is 15 times higher than the WHO guidelines, which is identified as the most significant pollutants threateningRead MoreIndia s An Environmental Hazard Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn early November 2016, Delhi, India faced an environmental hazard that put citizens in a dangerous position. The air was filled with toxins that made it almost impossible for people within the city to go about their daily lives. Everywhere, people asked who was responsible for the problem and whose job it was to implement protections in order to avoid future difficulties. 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Plaintiff That Too In A Reasonable Manner †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Plaintiff That Too In A Reasonable Manner? Answer: Introduction Psychiatric injury is something for which the damages are granted under tort of negligence. A leading case where the psychiatric injury was contested was the case of Annetts v Australian Station (2002) 211 CLR 317. In Annetts v Australian Station, the duty of care owed to the son of the plaintiff was established as the child died as a result of the mental harm which took place when he ran away. The plaintiff in this case had made a claim that they had received psychiatric injury as a result of the breach of duty of care of the defendant. However, the court did not uphold these claims and out rightly quashed the claims made by the plaintiff of this case (Sappideen, 2009). In this report, the case has been discussed and the side of the defendant has been taken. Apart from giving the facts of the case, the arguments raised and the decision of the case, the decision has been critically analysed to decide if the undertaken decision has been right. Facts of the Case The name of plaintiffs son was James Annetts who had departed from his home back in Aug 1986, which was in NSW and at that time, he was only 16 year old (Quizlet, 2017). He had left his home to go to WA for working with the defendant. Before James left for WA, his mother had a word with the defendant and asked about the working conditions at WA. She was assured by the defendant that his son would be properly supervised and was set to work in Flora Valley, where he would get a shared room and would be looked after in a proper manner (Federation Press, 2017). For seven weeks, James continued to work to work at Flora Valley. On Oct 13, 1986, James was sent to work at a place which was 100 kilometres away from his promised place of work, despite the earlier assurances to Jamess mother. On Dec 03, 1986, it came to light that James had disappeared and was believed to be in danger of injury/ death. Jamess parents, who were the plaintiff in this case, were informed about their son being missing on Dec 06, 1986 and that took over the phone where they were told that James ran away, by a NSW police officer. Upon hearing this tragic news, Jamess father collapsed and Jamess mother continued the telephonic conversation. On April 09, 1987, Jamess skeleton was discovered and after the examination of it, it was revealed that James has died due to hypothermia, exhaustion and dehydration on Dec 04, 1986. And he had died in a place which was quite far from the place where he was supposed to work, as he died in Gibson Desert (Federation Press, 2017). The pl aintiff blamed the defendant for the death of their son and also for the psychiatric injury which they sustained as a result of the tragic news (Health Law Central, 2017). Defendants Issues and Arguments From the very beginning, the employer denied the allegation made by the plaintiff and stated that a duty of care was not breached, which was only owed to James and so the claim of plaintiff that a duty of care was also owed to them was denied by the defendant. For establishing that a duty of care was not owed in this case, the defendant referred to the basics of negligence, and followed the procedure which is required to make a claim of negligence (Harvey and Marston, 2009). For making a case of negligence, there is a need to show that a duty of care was owed which was violated, and this violation resulted in a loss, which was not remote, and which was foreseeable in a reasonable manner, where the injury was in direct causation to the violation (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). The English case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 was referred to here. In this case, the defendant was said to have owed a duty of care to the plaintiff due to the proximity of their relationship and the loss being reasonably foreseeable (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). In the current matter, there was an absence of the psychiatric injury being reasonably foreseeable as the defendant could have never known that hearing this news; a psychiatric injury would b e caused as the death of James was also not reasonably foreseeable. Hence, only a duty of care could be shown towards James, owing to the proximity and relationship of employer employee but not towards the plaintiff of this case. Also, the duty of care towards James was fulfilled whereby the defendant provided safe working conditions and took so many steps to locate him when he doubted that James could be in danger (Austlii, 2017). Reference was also made to Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, where the three fold risk was stated (Lunney and Oliphant, 2013). As per this test, there is a need to show that risk of harm was reasonably foreseeable, there was proximity between parties and the imposition of penalties would be fair (E-Law Resources, 2017). It has already been shown that a duty of care was not owed to the plaintiff. The risk of psychiatric injury was not reasonably foreseeable. And due to the lack of these two tests, the imposition of penalties cannot be deemed as fair (Austlii, 2017). The case of Wyong Shire Council v. Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 was also highlighted by the defendant for showing the foreseeability of risk of harm. As per this case, the view of a prudent person has to be considering for judging if the risk was reasonably present (Jade, 2017). In the present case, even a prudent person, let alone the defendant, could not have reasonably foreseen that after running away from the work, the employee would die after being lost in the Gibson Desert. This was because James was assigned a different work place and the worker was found dead at a very faraway place. So, this risk of harm was not reasonably foreseeable. Also, the psychiatric injury was not caused to James, for which a claim can be made against the defendant (Austlii, 2017). The proximity of the relationship and reasonable foreseeability was highlighted by Justice Deane in Jaensch v Coffey [1984] HCA 52. In this case, the judge stated that a person would be considered as having the capacity of foreseeing a specific thing once the particular situation was properly analysed. In this regard, the type of relationship on the basis of which the lawful duty is attached is to be considered from which the reasonable care has to be understood. And for these purposes, the interest of other people also had to be taken into consideration. Hence, on the basis of this case, the foreseeability of the loss and the nature of relationship are required to establish negligence (Swarb, 2015). In order to take into consideration the relationship between James and the defendant, the type of work which was given to James, had to be analysed (Robertson and Tilbury, 2016). The defendant owed an obligation of care towards James, only in context of his working conditions and the thing covered within his work and was not to be stretched beyond work. Eloping of James, which ultimately led to his untimely death, was not a thing which could be deemed as violation of duty of care of the defendant. James was the one who violated the obligation of care, towards himself. And in case the defendant is held liable for this, it would not be just as an employer cannot reasonably foresee if an employee would run away. Thus, the lack of foreseeability would mean no duty of care or its breach (Austlii, 2017). To establish psychiatric injury in this case, it has to be shown that this was a result of a direct perception or an abrupt fright which occurred right after the accident. The news of James disappearing was given to his parents in a step based method. This information was given over a period of time and at a distance from the accident place. So, there was an absence of things which could be stated as being immediate or a thing of shock. The plaintiff did not witness the starvation or the exhaustion of their child which could have caused a sudden shock. Sudden shock was something where the child immediately fell off the cliff. Hence, the element of shock was also not present to contribute to psychiatric injury, thus, defeating the claim of injury of the plaintiff (Austlii, 2017). Judgement of Court The unanimous decision of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in this case remains a key decision till present date. The decision was delivered by Ipp J where he rejected the appeal of the plaintiff and stated that the defendant did not owe a duty of care towards the plaintiff as the psychiatric injury of the plaintiff was not something which could have been reasonably foreseen, nor was a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff. There was an absence of the shock element which could have resulted in a psychiatric injury as there was an absence of abrupt sensory perception, which had to result from the breached duty of care in temporal and physical way. For establishing a case of psychiatric injury, it had to be shown that the plaintiff was so distressful that the psychiatric injury was caused (Allens, 2017). And on the basis of these points and the arguments raised by the defendant, the Court of Appeals denied the appeal made by the plaintiff. This was because in common parlance, the risk of harm was not foreseeable in a reasonable manner in this case, and allowing a case of psychiatric injury to be made against the defendant, just because the parent lost their child was an unfair thing to do, for the defendant. There was a need to differentiate between a loss of child from an ordinary incident and a shocking incident to make a claim of recognized psychiatric injury. Also, there was a sheer lack of proximity between the plaintiff and defendant where the actions of one could have affected another in sense of time and space. The court also took into consideration that he occurrence of Jamess death and the psychiatric injury of the plaintiff was quite far to be blamed upon the duty of care violation. The court requested the plaintiff to accept the passing away of their son and that Jamess d eath was not the fault of the defendant. Ultimately, the appeal of the plaintiff was rejected due to the lack of element of negligence and the lack of duty of care of the defendant towards the plaintiff (Allens, 2017). Critical Analysis The decision was a remarkable one in the view of the writer, due to the fact that the court differentiated from the emotional burden of this case and gave a practical decision where they rightly upheld that the death of James could not have been reasonably foreseen by any of the parties, which even included the plaintiff of this case. No one could have guessed that James would run away and would meet such a horrific end. Had there been some signs where there was even a slight possibility of such happening, the defendant could have been made liable. But, the defendant did everything in his power to ensure James was safe in a general manner and upon a threat on Jamess life, he took special efforts to save him. The claim of psychiatric injury was a wrong one as a duty of care was only owed by the defendant to James and not to the plaintiff due to a lack of foreseeability, the lack of proximity and relationship between the two parties. In short, the defendant was rightly ruled in favour by the court, in this case. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business Law. 8th ed. London: Thomson. Allens. (2017) 2001 Annual Review of Insurance Law - Duty of Care, General Tortious and Trade Practices Act Liability. [Online] Allens. Available from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/ari/2001/care.htm [Accessed on: 12/09/17] Austlii. (2017) Tame v New South Wales [2002] HCA 35; 211 CLR 317; 191 ALR 449; 76 ALJR 1348 (5 September 2002). [Online] Austlii. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/2002/35.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Annetts%20v%20Australian%20Station [Accessed on: 12/09/17] E-Law Resources. (2017) Caparo Industries PLC v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 House of Lords. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.healthlawcentral.com/cases/tame-v-new-south-wales/ [Accessed on: 12/09/17] Federation Press. (2017) Tame v New South Wales Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd. [Online] Federation Press. Available from: https://www.federationpress.com.au/pdf/Tame%20v%20New%20South%20Wales.pdf [Accessed on: 12/09/17] Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Health Law Central. (2017) Tame v New South Wales; Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Limited [2002] HCA 35. [Online] Health Law Central. Available from: https://www.healthlawcentral.com/cases/tame-v-new-south-wales/ [Accessed on: 12/09/17] Jade. (2017) Wyong Shire Council v Shirt. [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/article/66842 [Accessed on: 12/09/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lunney, M., and Oliphant, K. (2013) Tort Law: Text and Materials. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Quizlet. (2017) Torts B Lecture #1--Pure Psychiatric Harm. [Online] Quizlet. Available from: https://quizlet.com/45679268/torts-b-lecture-1-pure-psychiatric-harm-flash-cards/ [Accessed on: 12/09/17] Robertson, A., and Tilbury, M. (2016) Divergences in Private Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Sappideen, C., at al. (2009) Torts, Commentary and Materials. 10th ed. Pyrmont: Lawbook Co, pp. 255-63. Swarb. (2015) Jaensch v Coffey; 20 Aug 1984. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/jaensch-v-coffey-20-aug-1984/ [Accessed on: 12/09/17]

Big Data for Fraud Detection in Banking Sector - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Big Data for Fraud Detection in Banking Sector. Answer: Introduction The detection of fraud in banking sector is an important part to eliminate risks of any cyber-attack or data breach. Banks are often vulnerable to fraud and this affects banks and customers (Flood, Jagadish and Raschid 2016). Most of the frauds in banking sector occur due to either human negligence or any malpractice or system defect. Frauds in banking sector impact customers and bank itself in a very negative way because both banks and customers can lose sensitive data and money. Nowadays, big data analytics has emerged as a game changer in every sector and it provides a more reliable and flexible usage in working of every sector (Fuschi and Tvaronavi?ien? 2014). Banking sector has now started to adopt big data analytics for its operations due to its usefulness, reliability and speed. The purpose of this report is to analyze big data use in banking sector and how big data analytics help banking sector to detect fraud. The outline of the report is data collection and storage system, consumer-centric product design, recommendation system and business continuity plan in case of power outage. The data in banking sector collected are credit card usage details, personal emails sending and receiving or account details or any other regular actions on a daily basis. The data collected are not only from internal source of banking sector but also from external sources which sometimes requires permission from third party. These sources are internet based navigation sites such as social media, Yahoo, Google or Bing. Google and Yahoo provide Gmail and Yahoo mail respectively (Srivastava and Gopalkrishnan 2015). The data are categorized into two types and they are primary data and secondary data. Primary data are information about employees, their head supervisors, managers, senior managers and customers, which are collected for proper functioning of banking sector. Secondary data are information of internal and external behavior and working of banking sector which are collected for different purposes and used for betterment of banking sector (Kim, Trimi and Chung 2014). Both types of data are in the form of structured, semi-structured or unstructured data. Therefore, they are arranged in orderly manner to access and operate easily on each form of data. The data in banking sector are unstructured data mainly and they are complicated to use in its initial form. Big data deals with this type of data and in banking sector, unstructured data are either machine or human generated. Machine generated unstructured data are scientific data or photographs and videos such as security or surveillance photos or images. Human generated unstructured data are internal texts within document files, logs, credit card or debit card details and emails, and website content (Raju, Bai and Chaitanya 2014). The data collection is through various sources are then mined that is data mining is done on the collected data. Data mining is exploring and analyzing of collected data to find data suitable for different purposes in banking sector. Data mining technique is used for five major categories of banking sector. They are customer retention, automatic credit card approval, fraud detection in banking sector, marketing and risk management. Data after data mining is used mainly for risk management and fraud detection in banking sector (Pouramirarsalani, Khalilian and Nikravanshalman 2017). This is explained as when data is stored in storage then big data has features of protecting thes e data from going into hands of fraudsters. Storage system Banks have massive amounts of data which needs to be stored in an efficient way. The new storage systems in banking sector for big data provides solutions and they are reconstructing the backup systems with improved performance that will not change the existing backup routine. The second solution is building a Disaster Recovery (DR) system that will help in an emergency case such as disaster or power outage. The third solution is managing data lifecycle for improvement of data utilization efficiency (Chitra and Subashini 2013). The explanation for first solution is to upgrade physical tapes from existing Disk-to-Tape (D2T) mode to the new Disk-to-Disk-to-Tape (D2D2T). The new tape provides more reliability and space to store data of size more 9TB and has high backup speed. The description of second solution is new Disaster Recovery system which is built after upgrading local backup system using tape. The Disaster Recovery system is used for storing data at different location in banking sector. The full back up in first solution using tapes is further stored in storage system that is Disaster Recovery system (Jones, Aggarwal and Edwards 2015). The storage is done by identifying unique blocks of huge data and store in Disaster Recovery system. The next backup is done to match the unique block with the blocks stored in the system to destroy duplicate data and then save all unique data. The leftover data is again checked so that no data is left vulnerable to any fraud. The left over data is also checked to analyze if any data can be effective for future purpose. The third solution is that the data is processed and stored on peripheral system and near-line data (twenty to thirty days old) is backed up regularly and stored on disks (Rao and Ali 2015). These data is tested for integration and effectiveness and to recover if any fault occurs. The long- term data (ninety days old or older ) is backed up regularly and stored on physical tapes. Both the data is then stored at different locations in Disaster Recovery system. This new storage system solution helps in better backup performance, recovery process is quick, and data storage is multi-level. Consumer-centric product design The long-term relationships with customers will require fulfilling demands and needs of customers. This is achieved through customer relationship management (CRM) systems. Customer relationship management is used by organizations to optimize contact with customers and build long-term relationships (Elgendy and Elragal, 2014). The various ways are telephone calls or emails to attract and retain customers. Customer relationship management system is based on infrastructure of customer data and information technology. Electronic customer relationship management systems provides all ways of communication with the customers. The ways are sales, delivery, email, online marketing and purchasing, online banking or many other online services. Customer relationship management system in banking sector is achieved by maintaining relationships with existing customers and creating relationships with new customers (Dalir et al. 2017). The benefits are providing better service to existing and new cus tomers and identification of specific values related to each sector of the business environment and existing or new customers. The other are dividing different market segments to improve long-term relationships with target customers and service fees which is charged increases revenue for banking sectors. The additional benefits are implementation of this system helps in increasing customer satisfaction and their loyalty and interest rates are increased to attract more customers (Baesens, Van Vlasselaer and Verbeke 2015). The seventh one is online advertising to attract customers and increased effectiveness and classification of customers. Electronic customer relationship management system in banking sector has a structure which is based on two factors and they are trust and satisfaction. They are commitment, loyalty, customer retention, and recommendation willingness. The other factors which construct the system through customers point of view are information, convenience and communication channel (Srivastava and Gopalkrishnan 2015). Trust is important for customers and bank relationship and the trust is referred to protection of every individuals bank account details and credit card or debit card details. Customer satisfaction is a quality in bank and customer relationship that will help them to trust on banks. Customer satisfaction in bank is very important to retain existing customers. Commitment is to partner close relationship with customers for valuable effort. Loyalty provides future benefits to banking sector even when there is a strong competition (Moro, Cortez and Rita 2015). Loyalty is a commitment to banks from customers to deal with them. Loyal customers will also recommend particular banks to their relatives or customers. Customer retention is important as exiting customers are more profitable than new customers. Therefore, fulfilling needs of existing customers is more important. The above factors help customers to willingly recommend services of bank to others as they are satisfied with services of bank. Information is correct, accurate or updated are not is necessary for the structure of the system. Convenience is important as customers will come after considering location of bank (Greenberg 2014). Geographic location of bank with working hours and others are included in the system. Communication channel like mobile, ATM, text, e-mail are used by customers to know bank services. Recommendation System Recommendation system is used as a tool in banking sector to help customer by giving service when bank employees are not available on a particular time. Recommendation system provides precise and timely information to customers. The system is virtual consultant to customers providing better information and services (Ravi and Kamaruddin 2017). The recommendation system can be explained by the following process. The system analysis provides specifications that are authenticated with username and password for logging into system and questionnaire type survey for the user regarding product interest. The next two specifications are giving advice to user after the completion of interview and when there is query regarding search engine, explanation term should be there in the search engine (Lin et al. 2015). The last two specifications are to provide answers by the expert to questions by the customer and also update the knowledge base in system (Davenport and Dych 2013). The system design c ontains human expert, knowledge acquisition facility, knowledge base, inference engine, working memory, user interface and the user. This is the system bank follows in recommendation system. Recommendation system is tested using black-box and white-box testing to know that the system is properly functioning and also integrated (He, Tian and Shen 2015). The testing is also done to ensure satisfactory working of every feature. The testing is done on the database so that the data can be accessed with respective attributes and required data can be fetched. The application is important in recommendation system because it provides a platform for direct communication of user and banking sector (Ng and Kwok, 2017). This is a place where user can register and then they can login with username and password. This is a place where user can get details about banking process in about us section and also contact details of bank in contact us section. The system design is implemented in application and the working of system structure is defined in application. These are the features and functions of recommendation system and this helps in clearing customers doubts and queries. The custo mers can also give feedback in recommendation system (Flood, Jagadish and Raschid 2016). The recommendation system in banking sector are developed using information system and are also called expert system in other sectors. Business continuity plan Survival of online business in case of power outage or any other disasters is a major discussion for any banking sector. The business continuity plan has four steps in banking sector and they are business impact analysis, risk assessment, risk management and monitoring and testing. The first step is business impact analysis that helps to identifies critical business functions and impact of loss of functions for example operational and financial on banking sector. This process is analyzed by senior management representatives and board of directors. The business impact analysis is required at times when there is disruption in power outage and any disaster (Harvard Business Review, 2017). The second step is risk assessment which helps to determine cause of power outage or other disasters. Senior management analyzes the risk through risk assessment processes and then develop program to tackle the risks. The third step is risk management which is important to develop and maintain business continuity plan in baking sector. Risk Management in banking sector is based on first two steps that is business impact analysis and risk assessment (West and Bhattacharya 2016). These realistic events can be formally declared and updated by senior management annually to employees in banking sector. The fourth step is monitoring and testing which is a confirmation to business continuity plan in banking sector that all the steps are revised and evaluated without overlooking any significant changes. This step is finally evaluated by senior bank management (Forbes.com 2017). This is when they can commit necessary workforce, budget and time to test the program for validation of business continuity plan in an event of any disruption in banking sector. Conclusion The above discussions conclude that fraud detection in banking is a very important process and big data analytics is used in banking sector for fraud detection techniques. The discussions shows that the data collection system in banking sector is complicated as there are huge data sets in banking sector. The data collected need to be stored in places where there is security and proper storage place to be chosen. The actions to be taken on collected data that is services to customers and system to recommend customers are also discussed. The business continuity plans on the basis of possible disruptions were the key points of this report. The report overall concludes that implementation of big data and big data analytics is necessary for banking sector. Big data and big data analytics are used to collect data and store and finally use for various purposes in banking sector. Banking sectors regularly produce huge data that are sensitive and can be controlled through big data and big dat a analytics. Therefore, it can be concluded that big data and big data analytics can help banking sector to detect fraud and prevent the risks of fraud using various processes. References Baesens, B., Van Vlasselaer, V. and Verbeke, W., 2015.Fraud analytics using descriptive, predictive, and social network techniques: a guide to data science for fraud detection. John Wiley Sons. Chitra, K. and Subashini, B., 2013. Data mining techniques and its applications in banking sector.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,3(8), pp.219-226. Dalir, M., Zarch, M.E., Aghajanzadeh, R. and Eshghi, S., 2017. The Role of e-CRM in the Quality of Customer-Bank Relationship.Human Resource Management,4(2), pp.12-22. Davenport, T.H. and Dych, J., 2013. Big data in big companies.International Institute for Analytics,3. Elgendy, N. and Elragal, A., 2014, July. Big data analytics: a literature review paper. InIndustrial Conference on Data Mining(pp. 214-227). Springer, Cham. Flood, M.D., Jagadish, H.V. and Raschid, L., 2016. Big data challenges and opportunities in financial stability monitoring.Banque de France, Financial Stability Review,20. Flood, M.D., Jagadish, H.V. and Raschid, L., 2016. Big data challenges and opportunities in financial stability monitoring.Banque de France, Financial Stability Review,20. Forbes.com. (2017).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomgroenfeldt/2013/06/11/banks-use-big-data-to-understand-customers-across-channels/#22286a453218 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. (Forbes.com, 2017) Fuschi, D.L. and Tvaronavi?ien?, M., 2014. Sustainable development, Big Data and supervisory control: service quality in banking sector.Journal of security and sustainability issues,3(3), pp.5-14. Greenberg, M.R., 2014.Protecting seniors against environmental disasters: From hazards and vulnerability to prevention and resilience. Routledge. Harvard Business Review. (2017).How Banks Are Capitalizing on a New Wave of Big Data and Analytics - SPONSOR CONTENT FROM COGNIZANT. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/sponsored/2016/11/how-banks-are-capitalizing-on-a-new-wave-of-big-data-and-analytics [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. (Harvard Business Review, 2017) He, W., Tian, X. and Shen, J., 2015. Examining Security Risks of Mobile Banking Applications through Blog Mining. InMAICS(pp. 103-108). Jones, S., Aggarwal, A. and Edwards, H., 2015. Creating Futures Through ResearchMeeting Challenges, Embracing Opportunities Delivering Impact. Inaugural Collaborative Research Conference, INtel Institute of Higher Education, Nairobi. Kim, G.H., Trimi, S. and Chung, J.H., 2014. Big-data applications in the government sector.Communications of the ACM,57(3), pp.78-85. Lin, C.C., Chiu, A.A., Huang, S.Y. and Yen, D.C., 2015. Detecting the financial statement fraud: The analysis of the differences between data mining techniques and experts judgments.Knowledge-Based Systems,89, pp.459-470. Moro, S., Cortez, P. and Rita, P., 2015. Business intelligence in banking: A literature analysis from 2002 to 2013 using text mining and latent Dirichlet allocation.Expert Systems with Applications,42(3), pp.1314-1324. Ng, A.W. and Kwok, B.K., 2017. Emergence of Fintech and cybersecurity in a global financial centre: Strategic approach by a regulator.Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance,25(4), pp.422-434. Pouramirarsalani, A., Khalilian, M. and Nikravanshalmani, A., 2017. Fraud detection in E-banking by using the hybrid feature selection and evolutionary algorithms.IJCSNS,17(8), p.271. Raju, P.S., Bai, D.V.R. and Chaitanya, G.K., 2014. Data mining: Techniques for enhancing customer relationship management in banking and retail industries.International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,2(1), pp.2650-2657. Rao, K.V. and Ali, M.A., 2015. Survey on Big Data and applications of real time Big Data analytics. Ravi, V. and Kamaruddin, S., 2017, December. Big Data Analytics Enabled Smart Financial Services: Opportunities and Challenges. InInternational Conference on Big Data Analytics(pp. 15-39). Springer, Cham. Srivastava, U. and Gopalkrishnan, S., 2015. Impact of big data analytics on banking sector: Learning for Indian banks.Procedia Computer Science,50, pp.643-652. Srivastava, U. and Gopalkrishnan, S., 2015. Impact of big data analytics on banking sector: Learning for Indian banks.Procedia Computer Science,50, pp.643-652. West, J. and Bhattacharya, M., 2016. Intelligent financial fraud detection: a comprehensive review.Computers Security,57, pp.47-66.

How to Create a WordPress Author Website Everything You Need to Know

After spending months, or years, writing your book, it deserves to get the best exposure possible. One way to accomplish this is to set up a WordPress author website for selling your books, sharing excerpts, and showing testimonials.This way, youre able to offer extra value to your readers and establish a platform built around your own brand, not Amazons or Barnes Nobles.Thanks to WordPress, this is surprisingly easy to do. And in this post, Im going to show you the exact steps that you need to take to get your own author website up and running. WordPress hosting. Heres how to pick a good host.A domain name. Ideally, you want this to be your name (or pen name)Most WordPress hosts will automatically install WordPress for you, so its pretty easy to get started! And once you have WordPress installed, you can start making your author website a little moreyours.Step 1. Find a WordPress theme made for building a WordPress author websiteA WordPress theme is the foundation of your author we bsite because it dictates how your site looks and functions at a basic level.You can find free WordPress themes, but some of the best author/book themes cost around $50. These bookstore themes provide galleries, eCommerce tools, page templates, and more.Although you might not need all of these features, keep an eye out for themes that include the following:A landing page or homepage that puts all focus on your book (or library).WooCommerce support for selling both digital and physical versions. You could also consider Easy Digital Downloads if all youre selling are eBooks. Some of the themes have their  own digital download systems.A book detail page with images, Buy buttons, descriptions, and links to marketplaces like Amazon and Barnes Noble.A responsive design that allows users to read the eBook previews right from their devices.Some sort of feature to offer readable previews right from the website.Multiple payment  gateways so you have more options than PayPal.An author pag e to explain more about yourself.A testimonial module.So how can you find such themes? Google can usually turn up some good options but heres a curated look at some of our favorites to get you started:Book Author from TemplaticBookerBrownFlatbookOff the ShelfStep 2. Create a landing pageYour landing page is what readers see when they first visit your sites homepage. Usually, you want to use it to promote your latest book.David Sedaris does a good job of this, where his homepage always promotes his latest work.Some landing page themes or services have more advanced designs than what Sedaris does, but he manages to keep things clean and modern, sending eyes directly to his book covers and Buy buttons.If your chosen theme doesnt have a built-in landing page like this, you can use something called a page builder to create one using drag and drop (no code required!). Here are two tutorials using:ElementorDivi BuilderStep 3. Start an email list immediatelyAn email list is the easiest way to market your book(s) for free. Furthermore, youre able to remind fans about upcoming releases and promos, getting them to come back to your site without much effort.Jeff Goins makes stunning landing pages for all of his books, and they have large cover art right next to an email list signup form.Although this is taking it to the next level, Jeff provides an insane amount of value if you buy a book and sign up for the email listwith multiple file formats, and three extra worksheets and other bonuses.This post shows you how you can create an email newsletter right from your WordPress dashboard. And here are some tips to get more email subscribers.Step 4. Include testimonials or reviewsBoth fiction and non-fiction writers can benefit from testimonials. More often than not you can reach out to influencers in your industry and provide a free version of your book. Then, you ask them for a quick testimonial and hopefully get something in return that you can publish on your website. Some authors also publish Amazon reviews on their websites.As with pretty much all of these points, your best bet is to find a WordPress theme with a testimonial module. If not, we have a guide for making rotating WordPress testimonials for free.Step 5. Provide multiple options to purchase your booksIdeally, you start with an email list and convince readers to buy directly from your website. However, were living in an age where Amazon dominates the book market, and youre likely to make sales across multiple platforms like Barnes Noble, Wal-Mart, and in the Apple Store.Some authors only sell on these marketplaces. But its also fairly easy to create your own bookstore using one of two WordPress plugins:Easy Digital Downloads can help you sell eBooks, but its not a good option if you want to sell physical books. Learn how to use Easy Digital Downloads.WooCommerce can help you sell both physical books and eBooks. And if you dont feel like storing the physical books yourself, services like BookBaby will print and distribute them for you. Learn how to use WooCommerce.Step 6. Display a portfolioSometimes theres no need for a gallery or portfolio, but once you have a respectable collection of books to sell youll want to organize them into a filterable portfolio. Hugh Howey has dozens of books, so he shows all the covers in a portfolio, with filters that help readers filter out specific books.Ideally, the theme you choose should have a gallery or portfolio tool. If not, the Novelist WordPress plugin provides a shortcode for a book gallery: Novelist Author(s): Nose GrazeCurrent Version: 1.1.9Last Updated: August 11, 2019novelist.zip 100%Ratings 10,822Downloads WP 4.0+Requires Are you ready to make your WordPress author website?If you have some favorite authors, go to Google and start browsing their websites. Youll notice that some big-time authors have terrible sites, while authors are top-notch. But by looking at both the good and the bad, you can better figure ou t the specific features that you want for your site.Then, you can mix-and-match the features highlighted on this page to build the perfect WordPress author website  for you.Have any questions about building your WordPress author website? Let us know in the comments! Do you write books? Learn how to set up your own #WordPress #author website to showcase your work!