Virtual reality Essay Example for Free

realistic existence EssayAbstract The contemporary world is greatly characterized with the usage of highly developed engineering science, tools, gadgets, and appliances. One just needs to look around him to see the truth to this statement. Be it in business, education, travel, medical, practically e genuinelything and everything, one uses technology to conduct unremarkable living. These technologies underwent several fulfilles and upgrades to be what they argon today. Nonetheless, each technology still undergoes enhancements that would help individuals in going about their daily lives.The initial dish out with which technology evolved into what it is today was first conceptualized, then improved to what cosmos utilizes today. A concrete example of this would be the television which is a common appliance in todays world. Before the television became to what it is today (digital), it was first conceptualized, designed, produced, tested, developed and enhanced. As these thin gs were first conceptualized, hence, the term practical(prenominal) human race was coined. It is, in that respectfore, a usual question whether the initial process was real considering that it was merely a concept, a realistic naturalism.It is in line with the above that the primordial purpose of this story is to scrutinize whether virtual humanity is thusly real or just a figment of mans imagination. VIRTUAL pragmatism 3 virtual(prenominal) populace Is It Real? Todays technology has been conceptualized in the not so distant past and has been LABELLED AS VIRTUAL REALITY. WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO UTILIZE REALITIES AND THINGS IN ORDER TO HELP MAN IN his daily living, several researches conducted studies and experimentations in order to produce materials that give be able to make life a lot easier to the end users of the same.If one has an intensive scrutiny of the experiences any soul would deal today, technology is always used and is in great demand. Technology is used in b usiness, in education, in medical, in warfare practically in anything and everything. These became realities as they were first conceptualized prior to the production of the gadgets and things that man uses today. From conceptualization, experiments were conducted to ensure that these products would eventually meet its purpose and would ultimately be of benefit to the users of the same. Safety and costs have been one of the primordial considerations.This raises the question that many would query. At the stage of conceptualization (virtual reality), would one consider these concepts as real or not? It is the objective of this paper to focus on this. At the end of this paper, the reader exit be able to 1) understand what virtual reality is 2) see a short muniment of the development of virtual reality 3) realize the usage and advantages of the end-products of virtual reality 4) comprehend whether virtual reality is real or not. The meanings of Virtual Reality and Reality Many have a lways asked, What is virtual reality? What is reality? .Oxford Dictionary (online publication, 2010) defines virtual reality as al or so or nearly as described, however not VIRTUAL REALITY 4 completely or according to strict definition. Late Middle English defines it as possessing certain virtues. The word virtual comes from the Latin word virtue, virtuosus. The etymology of the word reality comes from the Latin word realis which means relating to things. Oxford Dictionary defines it as the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an august or notional idea of them.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia defines virtual reality as computer-generated environment and within which the great unwashed raft interact it stick out immerse people in an environment that would normally be unavailable due to cost, safety, or perception restrictions. D. Petechuk stated that virtual reality combine state of the art imaging with computer technology to allow users to experience a thre e-dimensional simulated environment. Ilkka Maunu Niiniluoto, in his phrase Virtual worlds, fiction and reality has referred to Michael Heim in self-aggrandizing meaning to the word, virtual reality.In his book Virtual realism (1998), Michael Heim states that virtual reality is a technology or an emerged field of applied science. John C. Briggs, on the other hand, in his article, The Promise of Virtual Reality, wrote, Virtual reality can be defined as a three-dimensional, computer-generated simulation in which one can navigate around, interact with, and be immersed in some other environment Virtual reality provides a reality that mimics our everyday one. What would virtual reality mean to unremarkable people? When one hears this word, people would usually associate it as something that has to do with computers.While others would think that it is a dream world where anything and everything is possible to happen, there are also others who would think that virtual reality is a con ception concocted not only by the mind but also by the very person who has thought of the concept concerned. in that location would also be a group VIRTUAL REALITY 5 who would think that virtual reality is the stepping stone by means of which different gadgets currently used have kaput(p) through conceptualized, tested, revised and produced. A Short report of the Evolution of Virtual Reality This section entrust focus on the discourse of D. Petechuk entitled, Virtual Reality. Petechuk stated that the concept of virtual reality would date back to World War II.The pilots who were then training for their fighting missions needed training for the mission that they had. there was a need for flight simulators however, the technology then was not sufficient. The trainees had only basic simulation. Through the years, technology sophisticated and so did virtual reality. Ivan Sutherland, according to Petechuk, conducted experiments with the first head- mounted three-dimensional displa ys the user was able to view a computer-generated three- dimensional cube floating in seat and, by moving his or her head, inspect various aspects of the cube and determine its dimensions.This was in 1966. By 1970, Sutherland built the first full functional head-mounted display unit. on that point were many big industries who also ventured into the development of virtual reality. One of them was General Electric Corporation that built one of the first computerized flight simulators in 1972. In 1975, Thomas Furness III developed the prototype Visually Couple Airborne Systems Simulator whereby the pilots had an abstract view of flying conditions instead of a reality- based image pilots became all told immersed in the graphic representation.VIRTUAL REALITY 6 Mary Alice Ball, in her book review, Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges papers from SRIs 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality, wrote Virtual reality is still in its infancy, and researchers are intent on developing and refining new and better tools. Mary Ball further wrote that virtual reality has the potential to take us beyond our physical limitations and guide us to new insights Virtual reality uses technology to create human-machine interfaces that permit control of triune peripheral devices with relative ease.Through the years after this, big investments were poured into the research as to how virtual reality could produce things that would be used daily. As there are a lot of advantages and uses of the things produced through virtual reality, focus and attention were given for the development of virtual reality to what it is today. This would be discussed in depth in the following section. The Applications of Virtual Reality As stated earlier, the contemporary world is characterized with a lot of technologies that have been developed through the many years. When one looks around, it is very evident that varied products of virtual reality have been created that ultimately helps any one in conductinghis daily business in live. Many of these technologies have gone through the process of being conceptualized, tested, revised, and enhanced. The many things man uses today went through a long process of evolution and are still undergoing improvements so that the upper limit usage of the same would be attained. These products did not just come out of thin air. The process through which they have been developed has been long and tedious. VIRTUAL REALITY 7 Beth Stackpole in her article, Virtual Reality Gets Real, stated that the militarys use of virtual reality touches training, product development and command and control platforms.She further reiterates that virtual reality technology and simulators are actively used to train military personnel on how to pilot aircraft or handle weaponry. Patrick Mays in his article entitled, Making Virtual Reality Real, Creating VR models takes no longer than any other computer modeling Most of the massing of a large project can be completed in only a fe w days. John Briggs in his article entitled, The Promise of Virtual Reality, discusses at length the varied applications of virtual reality. It must be noted, however, that this article was written in 1996.He writes that technologys present state of advancement has been overstated. Coverage in numerous magazines and newspaper articles, on TV shows, and even in TV ads suggests that virtual reality is now fully developed. Unfortunately, this is not true Virtual reality is with us now in a very early and basic form. Virtual reality is greatly used in businesses today. Many companies are able to create visualizations of the stock market. Currently, this is now being conducted in many companies, most specially the big ones. A stock broker or analyst can quickly see patterns for a market sector as a whole, as well as the activity of specific stocks and can bring in-depth information to the screen and give the broker an opportunity to rapidly buy or sell a stock. Virtual reality has also played a great role in empowering people with disabilities. In his article, Briggs reported that virtual reality is used to confirm the accessibility of buildings for people with disabilities. It is also used in teaching students how to use a wheelchair and training VIRTUAL REALITY 8 people who are intellectually compromised on how to get from one point to another using different form of transportation.In the same article, Briggs has touched on how virtual reality may be used in education and training whereby the trainees walk through a virtual accompanimentory and learn about health hazards a more engaging experience than reading a manual or attending a lecture. Likewise, through virtual reality astronomy students will be able to explore galaxies and study their properties. English students will be able to be on stage where Shakespearean plays are being presented. History students will be able to go to different historical events and would have the possibility of participating i n them.These are examples of what Briggs thought on how virtual reality will affect and effect the seemingly uneventful past life of man. Briggs is therefore simply reiterating the simple fact that virtual reality is the biggest factor that will be utilized by any person as virtual reality will make things a lot easier for man to conduct his daily businesses. As virtual reality is constantly evolving, it will spice up mans life, mans living and his mere existence.As different facets of life will ultimately be immensely influenced by virtual reality, it goes without saying that virtual reality will continue to develop and be made user friendly to its end users man himself. The constant enhancements will proceed so that virtual reality and the products it produces will be of much better utility for all to avail of. Conclusion establish on the above discussion, one would clearly see that virtual reality has produced numerous technologies currently used in daily living. These have give n any one for that matter a choice to make life easier or not. However, these things were not produced out of thin air, so to VIRTUAL REALITY 9 speak.There have been a lot of processes that were implemented to have the technologies that we have today. Based on what is animated, these technologies were conceptualized, altered, refined, improved, and enhanced. The fact remains that they have all been based on existing realities. Concretely speaking, before man landed on the moon in 1969, there were a lot of processes that occurred. The astronauts did not just land there per se. There were a lot of trainings conducted and one of them was the effect of weightlessness for a long period of time.Creating this atmosphere was first conceptualized and the atmosphere to produce the same scenario as it would depend on the moon itself was created. The garment they wore, the numerous pieces of equipment they used were first conceptualized, produced, tested, and refined to ensure the safety of t he astronauts and to lessen the effects of many factors. These all started with virtual reality. Likewise, another example one may look at is the robots used in highly advanced countries where the robot detonates or make safe explosives that may begin harm or danger. This was also conceptualized at the beginning, produced, tested and refined to ensure its effectivity in pursuing the purpose for which it was built.What is being simply emphasized is the fact that virtual reality is based on what exists and it is not a figment of ones imagination. As such, it is real. The basis of virtual reality is reality itself. In Argumentative Logic, the melodic phrase would be Virtual Reality is based on reality. Reality is what exists what is reality. Therefore, Virtual Reality is reality it is real. VIRTUAL REALITY 10 References Ball, M. A. (1993, June). Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges Papers from SRIs 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality. Information Technology and Libraries, 12(2), 291. Brigg s, J. C. (1996, September).The Promise of Virtual Reality. The Futurist, 30(5), 13. Mays, P. (1998, October). Making virtual reality real. Architecture, 87(10), 162. Niiniluoto, I. M. (2012). Virtual worlds, fiction, and reality/Mundos virtuales, ficcion y realidad. Discusiones Filosoficas, 13(21), 13. Petechuk, D. (2004). Virtual Reality. In K. L. Lerner B. W. Lerner (Eds. ), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (3rd ed. , Vol. 6, pp. 4225-4229). Detroit Gale. Virtual Reality Gets Real. (2008, January 7). Design News, 63(1), 85. Virtual Reality. (2013). In The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia University Press.

Kodak Strategy Essay Example for Free

Kodak Strategy EssayThe first Kodak tv camera led to the installation of their first slogan You press the button we do the rest. He named the brand of camera Kodak because it was short, it would not be mispronounced, and the name was unique in the business. (Gartrell, n. d. ) By the late 19th century and early 1900s, advertising played a major role in Kodaks marketing and promotion strategy. As a result, Kodak became a household word. Today, the Kodak name has make entrenched in home town America. It is known for being very Ameri displace since its moving-picture show spots can be seen at iconic patriotic hot spots like Disneyland.In humanitarian Kodak Moments help make it a household name for photography and imaging. (Wikinvest, 2007) Kodak has always dominated the holy trinity of film film, paper and chemicals. (Upbin, 2000, para 8) Kodaks big concern is to remain competitive in the market place. The Eastman Kodak gild had to take on some strong competition, such as Pol aroid, who is famous for instant photography. Kodak began to sell their version of the instant camera in June 1976 to expand its market. The camera was called the Pronto which spit start a externalise card which formed into a picture before the photographers eyes.The idea was successful and although Kodaks ten picture pack of film was more expensive than Polaroids, several Japanese companies made cameras that used the new Kodak Film. (Time Magazine, 1976) Soon after, the useable camera became popular. According to statistics, U. S. sales of disposable cameras grew 30% a year. Kodak sells more than anyone else, allowing Kodak to have sufficient cash flow to invest in a digital incoming. In the mid 1990s Kodaks innovators began to dabble with digital photography. In fact, they invented the first digital camera and realized that digital engine room would transform their business.By the year 2000, Kodak had sunk more than $5 billion into digital investments during the 1990s, but re ceived single $20 million in digital earnings in 1999 to show for it. Daniel Carp, the latest Chief executive at Eastman Kodak stated that digital can generate half of revenue and quarter of profits by 2005. (Upbin, 2000, para. 3) So why wasnt Kodak getting a return on their investment? One of the main issues that plagued the Eastman Kodak Company was not their innovation, but their timing in their marketing strategy and their assessment of the adaptability of its consumers.Kodak missed out on several holiday seasons where digital camera growth was high and failed to get a leg up on the competition back in 1996. The company was unable to wean itself from traditional film business. They have three major customer invertebrate foots. The first is the Photofinishing Group which makes up almost 1/3 of sales. This group is made up of Kodaks traditional film products and services that the average customer uses, plus products used by the film industry to vomit and distribute motion pictu res. The second group, not formed until 2003, is the Graphic Communications Group (GCG).Its Kodaks largest division which includes document imaging and digital mental picture services for businesses. The third group relates to healthcare services and is called the Health Group. This group specializes in healthcare imaging products such as x-ray devices and specialized films. To choker up to their competition, Kodak created a fourth group, the Consumer digital Group, to change their main product line from traditional film to digital products. They turned their focus to digital cameras and printers, photo kiosks (like at CVS and Wal-Mart) and online photo sharing. Wikinvest, 2007) The problem was they did not react to the market until almost 2 years after their fierce competitors, such as Hewlett Packard, Canon, and Sony began to overtake the business. The jeering is that although Kodak created many digital products that were ahead of their time, such as the Photo CD and high-end d igital cameras, Kodak continued to focus their marketing strategy on the investor rather than the customer. It is wretched because many of the digital imaging products that Kodak introduced, and that we still use today, did not get the commitment they deserved from their creators.Because of their own corporate reluctance to replace their main base of income (traditional film), many investors questioned whether it was too late for Kodak to join the digital age. (Nikondigital. org, 2007, para. 2) Timing was not the provided problem. Kodak had digital competition from the evolution of the internet, the Sony Corporation, Hewlett Packard, and Canon, to name a few. Despite the blind of the digital camera, Kodak fell behind in efficiency profit margins and sheer sales. The company failed to market other media devices leaving Hewlett Packard and Lexmark to dominate the printer industry.Kodak is now toilsome to catch up in that area. Kodak needed to make several adjustments in their mark eting strategy, develop their product line, promote their product, rethink their distribution efforts and develop a pricing strategy to steal market shares from industry leaders. With a new management philosophy and marketing strategy, Kodak realized the need to adjust its expendables. Most of Kodaks traditional photography was based on their services, their paper and ink. With the addition of digital imagery, that had to change. Chemicals, to produce the photos were no longer needed for digital photography.How could Kodak compensate for the changing technology? Putting their innovators to the test, Kodak came up with the EasyShare family of cameras. It became one of Kodaks biggest successes. Even today, it is still the simplest way to get started in digital photography. (Nikondigital. org, 2007, para. 7) Kodak developed this type of camera by poring over how camera users take and print pictures and how it fits into their daily lives. Their research paid off. Kodak focused on low- priced, easy-to-use cameras that would appeal to women, who take the majority of snapshots.In 2004 the competition with Sony, the largest digital camera maker, paid off with a rise from a 5% market share in 2000 to a 19% share in 2004. (Hansell, 2004) In addition to the EasyShare system, category expansion has increased Kodaks consumer base. One of the ways they accomplished this is by developing effective partnerships. To compete with some of the industry leaders, Kodak developed the Kodak art gallery an online photo sharing site which allows consumers to upload their photos and share them with friends and family. This competes with sites like Shutterfly and Photobucket.It recently partnered with Martha Stewart, Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon. com. (Wikinvest, 2007) Kodak has also planned investment in Lucky Film, Co. Ltd which will strengthen its come in in Asia, and has increased its interest in medical markets. They have acquired PracticeWorks, a leader in digital dental imaging , and have improved their economic implementation with Kodak Directview PACS System 5 for radiologists. (Eastman Kodak Company, 2004) To promote their products, Kodak has used the traditional advertising as well as some creative promotion techniques.Kodak wants to develop the customers of traditional cameras into future consumers of digital products. One of the ways they are doing this is donating 5,000 traditional cameras to those provinces in China that are not familiar with photography. As Chinas rural areas become more economically independent, Kodak hopes to capture the market. This allows Kodak to continue its traditional (bread and butter) line of products to third world nations while focusing the digital sales to the United States, Canada and some European countries. (China Daily, 2004) One way to focus those sales in the U.S. is Kodaks distribution to direct marketers who want to customize their flyers or retail changes that need variable posters. Digital technology makes it possible to economically print custom copies of anything and at almost any volume. They want to elevate print and other visual communications for creativeness and commerce. (Sherburne, 2007, para. 3) Kodak is introducing the MarketMover Network, designed to focus on small business in a similar fashion that the Kodak Creative Network does, where the consumers create the photo books, calendars and flyers.Finally, Kodaks pricing strategies had to be dramatic. One of the best things we hear about Kodak is the quality of their service. The problem is the competition is rapidly meeting Kodaks quality standards. In 2007, Kodak developed KOS, the Kodak Operating System to streamline the production system and incorporate that into all aspects of Kodaks operations. It changed their management philosophy. This had some effect on not only their marketing strategies, but their pricing strategies.In the past, companies were willing to sacrifice profits on the durable portion of their product the printer, to make money on the consumable portion printer cartridges. In February of that year, Kodak announced a new pricing strategy. It was a long term competitive dynamic disruption strategy. The strategy was aimed at reducing the cost of printing photos for the average consumer. Consumers will have to change their behavior to focus on printing costs instead of hardware costs. (Neff, 2007) In addition, the new printers will not have as many features as Hewlett-Packard printers currently have.This could corner an aging market that has not wanted to purchase date printers due to the challenge of technology. However, there is a growing share of private label recycled ink cartridges. Kodak will need to maintain their focus not only on the pricing of their ink cartridges, but they should reinforce the quality aspect of their product. During the past two decades, the Eastman Kodak has struggled with the advent of digital photography. What sets Kodak apart? Kodak is not a ready reckoner company, nor is Kodak a company which dabbles in several industries. They are focused on print products and photography.

Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

Punctuated Equilibrium TheoryPuppetwww.youtube.com/watch?v=QFcqvBk1gNAWith businesses fit increasingly dependent on IT systems which are constantly becoming giganticr and more complex, its critical that they are managed efficiently. Systems administrators are tasked with the management of these systems, with a large sum total of their time being spent on repetitive processes such as deployment, configuration and updates. Puppet provides an expansible configuration management platform that cease be used to help automate these tasks, increasing the speed, reliability and auditability of the process.Puppet works by providing a language that allows you to define exactly how your infrastructure should be configured. This provides eubstance crosswise the infrastructure and increases security by ensuring all systems are configured correctly. If a configuration change is needed, the change only must be do once before it can then be pushed out and applied to the entire infrastructure. This also inherently improves the auditability of the infrastructure by ensuring all security and obligingness policies are rolled out across the entire organization. A graphical dashboard allows the status all parts of the organizations infrastructure to be tracked and can generate reports, providing a quick and easy way to complete security and compliance audits.The wellness industry has some of the most onerous compliance requirements to mark the strict security of patient data. Implementing Puppet would allow system administrators to streamline the compliance process by pushing required configuration and software updates across their entire infrastructure quickly and easily. An important part of demonstrating compliance of security policies is ensuring users only have access to the systems they are authorized to use. Puppet includes role-based access envision features which allow administrators to assign specific permissions to users on both an individual and group level and can be integrated with existing directory services such as Active Directory and OpenLDAP. Ensuring users have access to the systems and hardware they require to complete their respective roles without impacting productivity whilst maintaining security and compliance is key to ensuring a successful workplace.Larger Health organizations such as Ramsay Health Care which has over 220 hospitals and day surgery facilities across Australia, France, the United Kingdom, Indonesia and Malaysia (About Ramsay Health Care, n.d.) could take advantage of the high availability and scalability of Puppet. lofty availability configurations eliminate downtime by having multiple Puppet servers across multiple locations which provide failover and redundancy in the event of an outage at another location trance also ensuring performance. Puppet can be configured to manage any number of nodes across any number of locations which can help consolidate module and ensures consistency across all locations.The Punctuated Equilibrium Theory suggests that within the Information Technology industry, technology is primarily in a state of equilibrium, with only nestling changes occurring. However occasionally technology can go through short revolutionary period that can disrupt the equilibrium and bring on large disruptive change, which will then become the basis for the next equilibrium period.Adoption of this technology offers to change how infrastructure is managed in a revolutionary way. The murder and management of the underlying systems can be automated in a way that allows staff responsible for these tasks to spend less time on repetitive system configurations and fixing known issues. With business becoming increasingly reliant on on-premises, cloud and hybrid-cloud infrastructures its only a matter of time before automation platforms such as Puppet become commonplace.ReferencesGrudin, Jonathan. (2012) Punctuated equilibrium and technology change. interactions 19, 5 (September 2012) 62-66. doi 10.1145/2334184.2334200Krum, S., Hevelingen, W. V., Kero, B., Turnbull, J., McCune, J. (2013). Pro Puppet. doi 10.1007/978-1-4302-6041-7Puppet. (n.d.). Puppet The shortest path to better software. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from www.puppet.comPuppet. (2016, alarming 2). How Puppet works.Video file. Retrieved from https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFcqvBk1gNARamsay Health Care. (n.d.) About Ramsay Health Care. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from http//www.ramsayhealth.com/About-Us

Management Is A Universal Phenomenon Commerce Essay

Management Is A Universal Phenomenon Commerce Essay precaution is a nonrandom undertaking. It is certain thing that directs group efforts in the direction of the attainment of certain pre determined goals. It is the mode of working with and through other bingles to competently achieve the goals of the familiarity, by efficiently utilising limited assets in the changing world. Of course, these goals may vary from one enterprise to another. E.g. For one enterprise it may be launching of new products by conducting market reviews and for other it may be profit maximization by minimizing cost.management involves conceiving an interior immanent environment It is the management which places into use the diverse factors of production. Therefore, it is the lodge of management to conceive such situation which argon conducive to greatest efforts so that masses are adept to perform their task efficiently and effectively. It encompasses double-checking availability of raw components, c onclusion of salaries and salaries, formulation of directions guidelines and so onthus, we female genitalia say that good management includes both being productive and efficient. Being effective delegacy doing the check task i.e, fitting the square pegs in rectangle holes and aaaround pegs in aaaround holes. Being efficient means doing the task rightly, at least possible cost with sm entirelyest wastage of assets.management can be characterised in detail in following classes 1. management as a Process2. management as an undertaking3. management as a control and respect4. management as a assembly5. management as a Science6. management as an Art7. management as a Professionhttp//www.managementstudyguide.com/what_is_management.htmhistory of mgtThe verb organise arrives from the Italian maneggiare (to handle particularly tools), which in turn draws from from the Latin manus (hand). The French phrase mesnagement (later mnagement) leveraged the suppuration in significance of the En glish word organization in the 17th and 18th centuries http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhistorical theories of mgtHistorical Theories of ManagementScientific Management scheme(1890-1940)At the turn of the years, the most prominent organizations were large and industrialized. Often they encompassed ongoing, routine tasks that constructed a kind of goods. The United States highly prized scientific and technical affairs, encompassing precise cautious estimation and itemation of undertakings and results. management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor evolved the scientific management idea which espoused this very cautious specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. jobs were similar as much as likely. employees were paid and punished. This approach emerged to work well for associations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities.Bureaucratic Management Theory(1930-1950)Max Weber embellished the technical management idea with his bureauc ratic idea. Weber concentrated on dividing associations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested associations evolve comprehensive and detailed benchmark functioning methods for all routinized tasks.Human Relations Movement(1930-today)finally, unions and government regulations answered to the rather dehumanizing consequences of these theories. More vigilance was granted to individuals and their exclusive capabilities in the association. A foremost belief encompassed that the association would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource agencies were supplemented to associations. The behavioral sciences performed a powerful function in helpering to understand the needs of employees and how the needs of the association and its employees could be soften aligned. diverse new ideas were spawned, numerous founded on the behavioral sciences (some had title like idea X, Y and Z).Traits of Progressive Management Development ProgramsWi th the Human Relations action, instruction programs recognized the need to cultivate supervisory skills, for example, delegating, railcareer development, inspiring, coaching, mentoring, etc. Progressive management schools now have students reconsider a wide body of management topics and discover those topics by applying that information in the piece of work and mirroring on that submission. Learning undertakings incorporate learners real-world undertakings in the workplaces or their lives. allotment encompass reflection and investigation on real-world get laid-how. discovering is enhanced through extending dialogue and repsonse among learners. Very good schools organise to include types of self-development, too, identifying that the cornerstone for effective management is effective self-management.productive management development programs help scholars (learners) take a systems view of their organizations, encompassing reconsider of how foremost functions effect all(prenominal) other. Assignments encompass identifying and addressing consequences of one activities on their whole organization.Contemporary Theories of Management hap TheoryBasically, contingency idea asserts that when managers make a decision, they should take into account all facets of the current postal service and proceed on those facets that are key to the position at hand. Basically, its the approach that it depends. For example, the continuing effort to recognise the best authority or administration method might now conclude that the best flair depends on the position. If one is premier troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic method is likely best (of course, numerous might argue here, too). If one is track a clinic or university, a more participative and facilitative authority method is likely best.Systems Theory. systems theory has had a meaning(a) effect on administration science and comprehending association. A scheme is a collection of part unified to complete an planetary g oal. If one part of the scheme is removed, the nature of the scheme is diverseness as well. For demonstration, a stack of sand is not a scheme. If one eliminates a sand element, youve still got a stack of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and youve no longer got a working car. A scheme can be looked at as having inputs, fermentes, yields and conclusions. systems share feedback amidst each of these four facets of the systems.Inputs would encompass resources such as raw materials, cash, technologies and populate. These inputs proceed through a method where theyre designed, organized, inspired and controlled, ultimately to meet the organizations goals. Outputs would be goods or run to a market. Outcomes would be, e.g., enhanced value of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity. repsonse would be data from human resources carrying out the method, customers/clients using the goods, etc. repsonse furthermore comes from the bigger natu ral environment of the association, for example, leverages from government, humanity, economics, and technologies. This overall system structure applies to any scheme, including subsystems (departments, programs, etc.) in the general organization.systems theory may appear quite rudimentary. Yet, decades of management teaching and practices in the workplace have not pursued this idea. Only lately, with tremendous alterations opposite organizations and how they function, have teachers and managers come to face this new way of looking at things. This understanding has brought nearly a important change (or paradigm shift) in the way management investigations and advances organizations.The effect of systems idea in administration is that writers, teachers, advisors, etc. are assisting managers to gaze at the organization from a broader viewpoint. Systems idea has conveyed a new viewpoint for managers to interpret patterns and events in the workplace. They recognize the various component s of the association, and, in specific, the interrelations of the parts, for example, the coordination of centered management with its programs, technology with constructing, supervisors with employees, etc. This is a foremost development. In the past, managers normally took one part and concentrated on that. Then they moved all attention to another part. The difficulty was that an association could, e.g., have a magnificent centered administration and magnificent set of educators, but the agencies didnt synchronizeChaos TheoryAs chaotic and random as world events appear today, they appear as chaotic in organizations, too. Yet for decades, managers have acted on the basis that organizational events can always be controlled. A new idea (or some say science), chaos idea, recognizes that events indeed are rarely controlled. numerous chaos theorists (as do systems theorists) mention to biological systems when interpreting their idea. They train that systems routinely proceed to more co mplexity, and as they do so, these systems become more volatile (or susceptible to cataclysmic events) and should expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they consume more power, they search more structure to sustain stability. This trend extends until the scheme divides, blends with another convoluted scheme or falls apart solely. This style is what many see as the tendency in life, in organizations and the world in general.SCHOOL OF THOUGHT AnimismThe notion of animism is not now broadly utilise in anthropology and tends to be referred to more as a historical curiousness for what it can notify us about anthropological thought in the nineteenth years than for what it can state about the convictions of persons in the up to date world. DiffusionismDiffusionism is the term utilised by anthropologists and sociologists to account for the disperse, through time, of facets of culture-artistic traditions, language, melodies, myths, devout beliefs, communal association, expert ideas-from one humanity or assembly to another. EvolutionismEvolutionism is a movement in anthropology and sociology which was much in vogue in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It mentions to ideas of change in which development is seen to proceed through stages of increasing complexity and diversification. It is closely related to the concept of progress and expertise, which is most prevalent in capitalist humanity. Functionalismfunctionalism refers to a variety of theories in the human sciences, all of which supply explanations of phenomena in periods of the function, or reason, they purportedly assist. Marxist anthropologyIt developed out of two motives the need to assess anthropologys chronicled connexion with colonialism, arising out of a discontent with earlier functionalist paradigms for the study of societies and to perform social investigation with a larger sense of political and financial perspectives. PostmodernismAnthropology in general has been examined as a especia lly sympathetic arena of the human sciences inside which to chase the postmodernist agenda, particularly with regard to matters of otherness, critiques of the programmes of the Enlightenment and elaborations of the idea of culture rudenessPrimitivism, in anthropology, mentions to a body of considered that there live remote and exotic primitive massess whose ways of life and technologies are considered to display assessed compare to those of modern societies. RelativismThe stuffy heritage relativism that most anthropologists, British or American, take to work with them is a blend of two notions first, that insofar as there are behavioural differences amidst various populations of persons, these differences are the outcome of heritage (sometimes societal) variation rather than anything additional and, second, that such dissimilarities as do live are warranting of respect and understanding in their own terms. MORE StructuralismStructuralism is the approach which seeks to isolate, a nd decode, deep organisations of significance, coordinated through systems of signals inherent in human demeanour (language, ceremonial, dress and so on. SyncretismSyncretism is the method of mingling distinct philosophies, convictions or traditions of conviction and practice, producing in hybrid types. TotemismJ.F. McLennan (1869) posited a worldwide reverence for the mystical power of dwelling things, arguing that there is no race of men that has not arrive through this primitive stage of speculative belief.http//credoreference.libguides.com/content.php?pid=307806sid=25211834 FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENTManagement has been described as a communal process involving responsibility for economical and effective designing guideline of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given reasons. It is a dynamic process comprising of diverse elements and undertakings. These undertakings are distinct from operative purposes like trading, finance, purchase etc. Rather these undertakings are widespread to each and every manger irrespective of his direct or rank.distinct experts have classified functions of management. According to George Jerry, There are four fundamental functions of management i.e. designing, coordinating, actuating and controlling. According to Henry Fayol, To organise is to signal and design, to coordinate, to order, to control. Whereas Luther Gullick has granted a keyword POSDCORB where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for administering, Co for Co-ordination, R for describing B for making allowance for. But the most broadly original are functions of management granted by KOONTZ and ODONNEL i.e. designing, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and commanding.For theoretical reasons, it may be befitting to separate the function of management but virtually these purposes are overlapping in environment i.e. they are highly inseparable. Each function blends into the other each sways the performance of others.4 FUNCTIONSPLANNIN GAccording to Koontz ODonell, PLANNING is cerebrate in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. PLANNING connections the gap between where we are to, where we want to proceed. It makes likely things to occur which would not else occur. PLANNING is deciding in accelerate what to do and how to do. It is one of the basic managerial functions. Before doing certain thing, the supervisor must formulate an concept of how to work on a specific task. therefore, PLANNING is nearly attached with creativity and discovery. But the supervisor would first have to set objectives, only then will a manager know where he has to proceed. Planning hunts for to bridge the gap between where we are and where we want to go. PLANNING is what managers at all grades do. It requires taking decisions since it engages making a choice from tack techniques of activity.Importance of PLANNING PLANNING presents directions PLANNING reduces the dangers of doubt PLANNING reduces overlapping and wasteful unde rtakings PLANNING promotes innovative ideas PLANNING facilitates decision making PLANNING sets up measures for controllingPLANNING method Setting Objectives Developing Premises recognising alternative techniques of activity assessing alternative techniques Selecting an alternative Implement the PLAN Follow-up actionorganisingone time the PLANs have been laid down and objectives particular therein, the next step is to organize assets in a kind which leads to the accomplishment of objectives. Organizing can be characterised as a method that initiates implementation of PLANs by clarifying occupations and working relationships and competently establishing assets for attainment of recognised and yearned results or goals. The management function of organising double-checks that efforts are directed in the direction of the attainment of goals laid down in the PLANNING function in such a kind that resources are used optimally and people are adept to work collectively and competently for a c ommon reason. Thus, it is in the context of productive management that the association function earns due importance. It is a means for converting PLANs into action.Importance of organising assists in specialization Clarity in working relationships Optimum utilization of assets Adaptation to change productive management Development of rung Expansion and developmentOrganizing process Identification and division of work Departmentalization allotment of duties setting up describing connectionsDirectingDirecting refers to the process of instructing, directing, therapy, motivating and premier people in the association to accomplish its objectives. Directing integrates persons in the direction of accomplishment of widespread objectives. Through directing, managers not only notify the persons in the association as to what they should do, when they should do and how they should do but also glimpse that their instructions are implemented in correct perspective. Very often, this becomes impo rtant component in the effective and effective functioning of the organization.Directing as a function of management is concerned with instructing, directing and motivating people in the organization to accomplish its objectives. It involves overseeing people at work, making provision for the essential facilities and creating a work natural environment, whereby employees may present to the best of their abilities.It comprises of handing out instructions and instructions by a better to his subordinates. It furthermore encompasses the process of m9otivation subordinates and supplying authority with an comprehending of their hopes, beliefs and demeanour pattern. Through the administering function managers convey about a balance between one-by-one concerns of employees and the concerns of the organization as a whole. Directing is a function of all managers of the association. It is an ongoing activity of managers.significance of directing It Initiates Actions It Ingrates Effort Means of Motivation It Provides steadiness contending up with the alterations effectual Utilization of assetscontrollingManagerial command suggests the estimation of accomplishment against the benchmark and the correction of deviations to guarantee attainment of objectives according to plans (Koontz and O Donnel) controlling is one of the important functions of a manager. In alignment to request PLANed results from the subordinates, a supervisor needs to workout productive command over the undertakings of the subordinates. In other phrases, controlling means double-checking that undertakings in an organization are presented as per the PLANs. controlling also double-checks that an organizations resources are being utilised competently and efficiently for the accomplishment of predetermined goals. controlling is, therefore, a goal-oriented function.significance of controlling Accomplishing organizational goals Judging accuracy of standards Making efficient use of assets advancing worker moti vation Ensuring alignment and control and respect Facilitating coordination in activityControlling method Setting presentation standards Measurement of genuine presentation Comparison of genuine presentation with measures Analysing deviations Taking corrective activity(www.Seobyus.com) ( HubPages Inc., 2011) (excellentguru.com) (enotes.com) (managementstudyguide.com, 2008-2012)

The Freedom Of Media Media Essay

The Freedom Of Media Media EssayThis study seeks to explore the state of Freedom of Media during the Musharraf regimen, the developments , achievements and thence the restrictions imposed by the professorship are also intended to be analyzed.During the nine years of Musharraf regime media fuddle gone through discordant detailed and crucial phases. The progress of mass media, the license, the laws to curb the media, technological developments are some big phases the Musharraf g all overnance is associated with. This study is descriptive in nature and looks at plastered regimenal developments as predictors of media exemption. Political decisions that made people of Pakistan prosper or suffer and to what extent. The relationship among different institutions of the society and their effects on each(prenominal) other is studied, the structural-functional conjecture that suggests society works as whole on the basis of different institutions that are its structures performing t heir specific functions shows that media is one of these institutions .Mass media are the centering of this research it is hoped that it result be a little contribution towards the media development process, strains, achievements adding to the media history of Pakistan.IntroductionMass media are mirror of the society depicting the political environment and making discourses on the issues of signifi grassce. mass media can be defined as The methods and organisations used by specialist social groups to convey messages to large, socially coalesce and widely dispersed audiences (Haralambos et al., 2000, p935)In The German Ideology (1846), Marx asserts that the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class. Applying this to Marxism, the media are the means by which the ideas of the ruling class maintain their handedness as the ruling ideas (Haralambos Holborn, 2000, p937).The Marxist view was dominant in Britain and Europe from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s, and is still used in m odern research. Although slight dominant like a shot, Marxism still affects much media research.In studying the relationship between media and governing body, the most grave role of the media is its ability to perform a guard dog role, monitor and criticizing government behavior because when the media performs this function it is able to act as a forum for political debate regardless of other limitationson its freedom. In his librate freedom index, Van Belle (2000) focuses on the ability of the news media to criticize the government and on that pointby serve as an arena for political competition. This more narrow definition of media independence is aimed more at the function and practices of the media. While the political, legal, economic, and professional environments each play a role in the capability of the media to serve as a watchdog and an arena for political competition.Mass media are a structural and functional unit of the society .Every society constitutes several in stitutions that work together to make the intrigue functional and stable . These social institutions are known as social structures and the work performed by them are called social functions in the structural functional theory . This theory was veritable from 1930 to 1960 in the United States by Comte, Herbert Spencer and Durkheim .According to Marxist media analysis, media institutions are regarded as existence locked into the force out structure, and consequently as acting for the most part in tandem with the dominantinstitutions in society. The media hence reproduced the viewpoints of dominantinstitutions non as one among a number of alternative perspectives, but as the commutation and obvious or natural perspective (Curran et al. 1982 21). According to adherents of Marxist political economic system, in the mass media there is atendency to avoid the unpopular and outlawed and to draw on values andassumptions which are most valuable and most widely legitimated (Murdock G olding 1977 37, cited in Curran et al. 1982 26).Similarly, some Marxist commentators have contended that media portrayals ofalternatives constitute dramatized rituals that legitimate the power structure in liberaldemocracies voting is seen as an ideological practice that helps to sustain the mythof representative republic, political equality and collective self-determination.The impact of election coverage is thus conceived in terms of reinforcing politicalvalues that are widely shared in Western democracies and are actively endorsed bythe grooming system, the principal political organizations and the apparatus of thestate (Curran et al. 1982 15).Alex de Tocqueville(1988,p517) once said only a newspaper can put the resembling perspective at the same time forwards a thousand readers. In this century the same can be said to the highest degree television, radio and internet which can tolerate information to million people simultaneously across the globe .Due to this power of mas s media governments try to control media and influence media content in their own touch and sometimes in fibre interest.Media freedom around the world is different , true countries have a better state of media freedom than developing and under developed countries.Research shows that media freedom has relationship with other factors too. Media freedom is directly related to economy , technological advancement ensures media freedom similarly polity is a major intellect behind curbing media freedom In the Marxist fundamentalist tradition, political economists see ideology as subordinate to the economic base (Curran et al. 1982 26). Work by Graham Murdock (Murdock Golding, 1977 Murdock, 1982) represents the critical political economy approach, locating the power of media in the economic processes and structures of media production. Ownership and economic control of the media is seen as the key factor in determining control of media messages..Education and religion are also factors that influence freedom of mass media. The effects of media freedom on economy and polity is evident from the the scenario in the African country Swaziland . It is a developing country where the system of government includes a king and a prime minister along with the cabinet . The government of Swaziland like many a(prenominal) others in Africa has declared many times that the Swazi press is free with no attempt to gag or intimidate journalists. However, there has never been a specific free press clause in the Swazi constitution. In the article The politics of press freedom and the national economy Matt Mogekwu mentions the fact that the Swazi Government and the media-especially the independent media do not appear to be working in concert towards development. The patron-client relationship that seems to exist between them has elicited some degree of resentment on the part of the press that has manifested itself in the kind of confrontational stance taken by the press over the pas t couple of years. The journalists write as if to dare the government. This is unhealthy for the country in its dysfunctional consequences.There are progressive groups who oppose the system that is against the elementary principles of modern state and fosters authoritarianism. They argue that the system discourages freedom of nerve and limits the peoples contribution to policy decision making. The world outside picks up all of these pieces of information well-nigh continued discontent in Swaziland. There is an obvious effect of media government relation in Swaziland on its econmy the writer says in his article that The King, as mind of State, makes a number of afield trips each year to woo investors. But the dividends from these trips are simply ever significant. The picture that the King presents to the outside world hardly coincides with the picture created by the press. The differential interpretations of political philosophies and activities among groups in the country or between the government and the governed leads to a climate of fear that is felt outside. The Kings many trips overseas in search of investors volition come to nothing if there is any dissonance in the minds of the potential investors regarding the investment climate in the country. The media play a crucial role in establishing this climate. Attempts at controlling parameters of (political) debate have serious consequences here. Form and substance and comparative freedom of existence communication will be influenced by political news.The writer concludes shrink freedom has plump a very important political issue in Swaziland.In general, the government appears loth(p) to hasten the process of democratization both in the area of communication and the general area of governance, thus creating problems for itself. The media need information to function and when they are denied this, they can react in several ways, one of which is being critical of government and its policies and he lp paint an unfavourable picture of the country to the outside world. The country thus has to suffer in many aspects .The issue of technological development with respect to media freedom is discussed by an author,In her article on New media and freedom of expression in Asia Ariel Heryanto of The university of Melbourne says about new media technologies that the global technological change that the west has helped propel forward has given more favorable effects to less modernized move of Asia the reason for this relate to both technology and social factors. She adds In a sense world history can be seen as history of changes in media technology. The spread of radically new medium of communication always threatens existing power structures and hierarchies, and helps create new ones.Lawson (2002, 139) found that in Mexico, media openness led to change magnitude coverage, graduation by the niche media and then by more mainstream media,of government corruption and state-sponsored repre ssionThe discovery that Mexican audiences devoured scandalous information onlyencouraged greater reporting of incendiary and shocking events. For media owners,scandals sold newspapers and boosted ratings for reporters, they helpedmake careers and satisfied personal desires to participate in a new kind of journalisticenterprise that would break in the failings of authoritarian rule. Marketforces and journalistic norms thus encouraged Mexicos media to expose spectacularinstances of government abuse.Political scientist Karl Deutsch has called that the system of communication proves a nerve of polityand any disruption of the nerve may cause dysfunctional impact in the performance of the plity causing governance decay.In the States the publics right to know is one of the of import principles of American society. They determined long ago that the power of knowledge should be in the hands of people .The constitution of the United States became law in 1971 . The scratch line amendment s ays that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech , or of the pressThe government leaves it to people to settle issues with the mass media .Laws made in America at later stages have been all to give more freedom to media unlike Pakistan , where laws meant direct curb on media freedom. Few press laws are in force in the U.S. because of this broad constitutional protection of press freedom and analogous provisions in the constitutions of the 50 states. Existing laws tend to provide special protections in categories not covered by the Constitution. The Privacy fare of 1974, for example, regulates the collection and dissemination of personal information contained in the files of federal agencies the Privacy Protection Act of 1980 establishes protection from police searches of newsrooms. Additional examples include federal and state Freedom of Information and sunshine laws (such as the 1966 federal Freedom of Information Act) which opens up executive-branch records to public and press scrutiny.Similarly Britain is also very friendly to the media and respect the fact that democratic states have free media . There are no laws to stop the matter of accurate information as far as they are accurate and comments are free for anyone who wants to comment on any issue they want. Britain has also developed a strongly liberal democratic concept of freedom of expression, which emphasis the special role of the media and the particular importance of freedom of the press. The media therefore have a powerful weapon to use in challenging legal restrictions on the investigation and publication of matters of public interest but the right to freedom of the press in Britain must always be balanced against other rights and interests. The need to protect national security and public order and the rights of individuals to privacy and reputation will often outweigh the publics interest in knowing certain information. The balancing of rights and interests is common to a ll legal systems.However, a liberal democratic concept of freedom of expression demands that the government shows that its restrictions on the media are both necessary and as limited as possible.Pakistan is a developing state and the mass media have not been very free until the Musharraf regime, it was the time when technological boom took birth in Pakistan giving a new life to mass media.Pakistan has struggled through an entangled and volatile political system. Pakistan has had three periods of armed services rule that alternated with democracy rule, interval between them being approximately ten years.Military regimes were from 1958-71, Ayub regime was the first military regime then it was Zia-ul-huaq from 1977-1988 and last was the Musharraff regime from 1999-2008. Democratic regimes did not last for long therefore democracy had no time to get its roots strong. The various military regimes were very much interested in controlling the media, the most effective tool the media that was used to curb media freedom by them were media laws to reign it.Ayub khan was the first one to promulgate media laws in the country. He promulgates the press and publication ordinance (PPO) in 1962. This law empowered the authorities to confiscate newspaper, arrest and torture journalists and final stage down news agencies. Using these laws Ayub khan took over one of the two largest news agencies and nationalized the press.By these actions other agencies were pushed into severe crisis and they were forced to get help financially from the government as they had no other choice. TV and radio were also under the control of government due to their financial weakness.In the Zia regime (PPO) Press and Publication Ordinance was again made additions to in the 1980s. According to the amendments, the prosecuted if a story was not liked or approved by the authorities it was not published even it would have been true.In the past our media was dependent on the government because , revenue ca me from government advertisements and subsidies. The state owned channels was therefore was whole controlled by the government, freedom to speak or broadcast anything against the ruling party was a taboo. It was not even thinkable to produce programs in which analysts and critics could discuss various moves and decisions of the government. Media earned very little from the private sector because it had a small volume. But with ever-changing media environment many national and international organizations have become source of big revenues giving economic strength to media, enabling it to be independent this financial independence have given the media independence in thought and action nowadays this freedom of thought is visible in editorial and content independence.1999 was not a good year for the press of Pakistan. even for democracy it was not a good time, as on october 12 the Pakistani army took the government from the Prime minister Mian Nawaz Sharif. This happened because Naw az sharif attempted to dismiss Chief of Army staff Gneral Pervez Musharraf.In the begining of year 1999, The Nawaz sharif government tried to sub-due one of the largest media groups Jang. Journalists were punished who had cooperated in the BBCs production, a documentary investigating the corruption about the family and its business. these acts totally showed the acts of government to intimidate , harass and punish the press. but they were out to public within Pakistan and abroad as well.PPF Report by Owais Aslam( wing)Even the media was apparently enjoying freedom the inner story was quite different, the freedom given to media, allowing humorous criticism and open talk shows , critics speaking of their views , the military dictator carefully created perception of free media this helped him grocery himself and made it possible to sustain his regime as long as nine years. This study includes the strategies and events that were against the constitution and public wish, which were mai n reasons to tarnish the concept of democracy .Musharraf was swept in office with 98 percent of the official tally in April 2002 referendum but that referendum presented voters with no opponents and the following ballot question Do u want to elect President Musharraf for the next five years for the survival of local government system , restoration of democracy, continuity and stability of reforms , eradication of extremism and sectarianism and for the accomplishment of Quaid e Azam ( i.e Pakistans founder Mouhammad Ali Jinnahs ) concept.The decisions made by Musharraf were not much appraised by the people from small decisions like day time saving scheme to the change in the constitution.DOMESTIC PROBLEMS OF MUSHARRAFELECTIONS 2002Many judges resigned in protest when Musharrad assumed power . He cleverly got the Oath of judges order 2000 issued so that the judges take fresh oath and give their written word on not taking any action against the military.On May 12 , 2000 , Supreme c ourt gave the order of holding national elections , which took place in 2001. Musharraf wanted to legitimize his Presidency and to keep it under the pressure of democracy he held referendum on April 30, 2002 to extend his term to five years since he was enjoying the office very much.He was aware of irregularities in the referendum , thus apologized from the nation on television.LFO lawful framework order was passed by Musharraf in August 2002 it provided for the general elections of 2002 and the revival of constitution of 1973 but with many ammendments. A part of this order of was rejected by supreme court.SUSPENSION OF CHIEF JUSTICEPervez Musharraf suspended the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry on th 9th of March 2007.There was corruption charges against him and a reference was filed against him. Then Justice Javed Iqbal became the acting chief justice. The suspension of the chief Justice became one of the major harvoc for Musharraf that pushed him in b ecoming unpopular and resulted in ending of his regime.In the nine years regime Musharraf and Pakistan have gone through various phases , the phase of Musharraf regime that faced the Judicial crisis is worth noticing as it led to his downfall. discriminative ACTIVISMMusharrafs move to suspend the Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry sparked protests among Pakistan lawyers. On March 12 , 2007 lawyers started Judicial activism across Pakistan . They bycotted all court procedures in protest against the suspension. slowly the expression of support for the chief justice gained momentum and by May the huge rallies against Musharraf and his regime as Army chief was challenDECLERATION OF EMERGENCYNov, 3, 2007, Black Saturday will go down as another day in our history.Emergency was imposed only to forget two institutions1 .Judiciary2. MediaChief justice Abdul Hameed Dogar, who took the seat later on Justice Ifthikar Choudhry was dismissed, was pro Musharraf, so on 24 Nov, 2007, a seven larger bench of the supreme court under him directed the election commissioner and the government to declare Pervez Musharraf president for a second term by December 1, and said that he shall relinquish the office of chief of army staff (COAS) before taking oath, as president the supreme court also accepted the provisional constitutional order and validated the declared emergency. He was justified by the court to qualify for the election, constitutionally. Thus the target of general Musharraf was achieved safely to get re-elected with both the offices in his hand.Curbs on media were imposed by amendments in two ordinances.These ordinances hold back them from printing or broadcasting anything which defames or brings into ridicule the head of state or executive legislative or judicial organ of the stateRestraints have also been put on the media for printing or broadcasting material that is likely jeopardize or be prejudicial to the ideology of Pakistan or the sovereignty, right or s ecurity of Pakistan, or any material that is likely to incite violence or hatred or create inter- faith disorder or be prejudicial to maintenance of law and order.Curbs for the electronic media were more than the print. Musharraf attempted to gag cyber space but was futile, minute by minute information about raids, arrests, of journalists, activists, and lawyers.ppf report 1999 by Owais AslamMass media around the world were already progressing and flourishing on healthy pace but it was Pakistan among those countries where media was the property of the Government. it was the mouthpiece of the ruling party and in case of providing entertainment, no policies or efforts were made by the state owned channel to compete with the outer world. entertainment was possible for those only who had service antennae, recievers, decoders etc.Although Zia was a dictator, a millitary person but he was an Islamist .Zia ruled Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 but that was a period when Pakistan underwent Isla misation. it became a secular nation-state, which was the original vision of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.now the state religion of Pakistan is Islam but its people are divided due to cultural clash between liberal and religious forces. witht the passage of time and changing governments it has become Presidential Federal democratic republic.Unlike Zia General Pervez Musharraf had a philosophy of enlightment in every area of life. in case of religion he had the view of enlightened Islam even wanted the Pakistani nation to follow the path of modernization under the label of his philosophy of enlightment.Similarly media was benefitted by this enlightment, it broadened the media painting in Pakistan.Pervez Musharraf had a liberal policy for media development that led to explosion of channels and private investors to jump in the show. It was quite a favour by Gneral Pervez Musharraf that his government gave and implemented the Deregulation policy and privately owned commercial media flourished and nourished the nation, mentally. Now the 24 hrs news and entertainment channels are the comrade and need of many people.The availability of information, news and entertainment channels have proved to play a catalytic role for social change and national development.Musharraf practiced the idea of Media democracy and tolerate the biased sections of media successfully for quite a time period but later when his regime was in peril and he could not justify his deeds he started curbing the freedom of media, that already was given by him. Editors were gaged, newschannels were banned.Most analysts and journalists (including Mir Khalil ur Rehman, founder of Pakistans largest media conglomerate) attribute this freedom to President General Pervez Musharrafs regime. He, for the first time, removed almost all curbs from the then strangled media groups. Most people count this as the now-deposed dictators biggest gift to Pakistan during his tenure. It is ironic, of course, that the same media he worked so hard to free was the one that was finally instrumental in having him exiled from the country.Objective of the studyThis study aims to find the extent and reality about freedom that media enjoyed in the Musharraf regime. This study will also analyze the relationship between government (polity) economy, technological advancement and media freedomAs stated in the earlier chapters, many studies have been conducted around the world regarding media freedom. Mostly media freedom was studied in advanced developed countries but in developing countries the studies are few. In case of Pakistan, Pakistan media is in its infancy specially the electronic media but developing very fast. In the past all media were under strict control of the government, instead of being watchdog it was called the mouthpiece of the ruling party. In all military regimes the media was under strict check by the government but in Musharraf regime the media candidate started to change and he int roduced a free environment to all the media. This freedom from the start till the end is covered in this study. Hopefully this will be a useful study to see the changes that media went through in Musharraf regime.These changes, and advancements will be important to evaluate and study for future researchers of the field as it is important to record the development stages of Pakistan media into a proper mature institution

The History of American Home Products :: American Home Products Corporation Essays

The History of American Home ProductsAmerican Home Products Corporation (AHP) was founded in 1926 and has a history of continuous acquisitions of smaller companies that make proprietary medicines. In 1931, AHP purchased toilet Wyeth & Brother, Inc. from Harvard University. Another important acquisition was that of Canadas Ayerst Laboratories in 1943. Ayerst was a large pharmaceutic company that had introduced Premarin, the worlds prime(prenominal) conjugated estrogen product, and straight the most widely prescribed product in the United States (ahp.com). In March of 1982, Sherwood Medical was acquired, enabling AHP to capture a share of the developing medical devices market. In 1984, Whitehall, an original member of AHP, started to market ibuprofen in the United States that was sold under the trademark Advil. Lawyer John Stafford became CEO in 1986 and soon after he supervised the acquisition of Bristol-Meyers animal health division and assimilated the new business into Fort Dodge , now Fort Dodge Animal Health. In 1989, AHP bought A.H. Robins along with its popular consumer products, including Chap Stick, Dimetapp, and Robitussin. AHP and American Cyanamid merged in 1994 in a deal wanted at $9.6 billion. AHP introduced many new products in 1996, including Redux and Pondimin (Phen-Phen), two weight-reduction drugs. These drugs were later pulled from the market because of links to serious health problems and lawsuits soon followed. When 1998 mega-merger plans with SmithKline Beecham and Monsanto collapsed, AHP settled for the acquisition of hot Jersey based Solgar Vitamin and Herb Company for $425 million. Its clear to see that AHPs history is comprised of acquisitions in the desire to be the ultimate leader of the pharmaceutical industry. MarketingAmerican Home Products has a suprisingly vast array of products. From womens health care products to agricultural goods to animal health care products, AHP covers a physical body of pharmaceutical needs. Wyeth-Ay ersts research, products, and educational initiatives benefit millions of women. Premarin, the most widely prescribed medication in the United States, is a post-menopausal product that gained AHP notoriety when it was introduced in 1996. Wyeth-Ayerst as well as introduced Alesse in 1997, a low-dose oral contraceptive formulation that has become very popular in the birth control field. Wyeth-Ayerst also focused its research on cardiovascular therapies and mental health products. Its cardiovascular research concentrates on medication for diseases such as arrhythmia and hypertension. Their anti-arrhythmia franchise leads the U.S. market, reflecting Wyeth-Ayersts and AHPs recognition of flagitious ventricular arrhythmia (Tardiff 114).

A TAle of Two Cities :: essays papers

A TAle of both CitiesIn every great novel there is a news report that is constant throughout the story. One of the better kn let themes portrays the struggle of good verses loathsomeness. Different authors portray this in different ways. Some drop colors piece others use seasons to show the contrast. Still others go for the obvious and use characters. But what makes them all so different is the authors point of view. In Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities, he portrays good and evil in somewhat of a unique way. Dickens shows this difference by using characters, although we sometimes conduct to think slightly the difference between the good and the evil and wonder if they be not the same in the long run. Good and evil differs with the characters in this novel, tho sometimes coincides.One way Dickens portrays a good and evil character contrast is with Sydney Carton and John Barsad. Carton being the good and Barsad the evil. For instance, when Carton tells Lucie he would do a nything for her it is a promise that he keeps until the end. Carton is a very trustworthy man and would do anything for some matchless he cares about. Anything including giving up his own life. Barsad, on the other hand, is a spy that doesnt care what he does or whom he hurts. Barsad is definitely not trustworthy for the simple fact that he has utilize his life to deception. Also, he would do anything to save his own life. This is one way that Dickens contrasts good and evil using characters.However Dickens also has those characters that are sibylline to be good and evil except the reader cant ever so tell which is which, this happened with the peasants and aristocrats. At first the peasants are supposed to be the good and the aristocrats the evil, yet when the peasants have control they are unless as bad as the aristocrats. When the aristocrats had all of the power they were bloodthirsty. They would sentence a youth to death for not kneeling for monks. This was a very bad time and this seems and is extremely evil. It seems as if the peasants were good, yet when the tables turned they acted the exact same way as the aristocrats. The peasants had el in time hundred defenseless prisoners killed just because they could. So the peasants were just as evil as the aristocrats, even though both thought they had just cause.A TAle of Two Cities essays papersA TAle of Two CitiesIn every great novel there is a theme that is constant throughout the story. One of the better known themes portrays the fight of good verses evil. Different authors portray this in different ways. Some use colors while others use seasons to show the contrast. Still others go for the obvious and use characters. But what makes them all so different is the authors point of view. In Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities, he portrays good and evil in somewhat of a unique way. Dickens shows this difference by using characters, although we sometimes have to think about the difference between the good and the evil and wonder if they are not the same in the long run. Good and evil differs with the characters in this novel, yet sometimes coincides.One way Dickens portrays a good and evil character contrast is with Sydney Carton and John Barsad. Carton being the good and Barsad the evil. For instance, when Carton tells Lucie he would do anything for her it is a promise that he keeps until the end. Carton is a very trustworthy man and would do anything for someone he cares about. Anything including giving up his own life. Barsad, on the other hand, is a spy that doesnt care what he does or whom he hurts. Barsad is definitely not trustworthy for the simple fact that he has dedicated his life to deception. Also, he would do anything to save his own life. This is one way that Dickens contrasts good and evil using characters.However Dickens also has those characters that are supposed to be good and evil except the reader cant always tell which is which, this happened with the peasan ts and aristocrats. At first the peasants are supposed to be the good and the aristocrats the evil, yet when the peasants have control they are just as bad as the aristocrats. When the aristocrats had all of the power they were bloodthirsty. They would sentence a youth to death for not kneeling for monks. This was a very bad time and this seems and is extremely evil. It seems as if the peasants were good, yet when the tables turned they acted the exact same way as the aristocrats. The peasants had eleven hundred defenseless prisoners killed just because they could. So the peasants were just as evil as the aristocrats, even though both thought they had just cause.