How Has Religion Changed Art - 2645 Words

Daynah Grant Ms. Anttila Senior Workshop Part 3 Paper: How has Religion Changed art? What is art? It can be explained as a diverse building up of mortal activities. Art is the single thing that can change people by the thousands, millions, and billions. If we were to use words to describe exactly what art is we can say that it is: expression, beauty, different, love, technical, abstract, creativity, always changing, convincing, emotion, free, diverse, innovative and inspiring. Art has changed many people and gave humans what they need to morph into what they are now. Most of us don’t think of art as much, Most of us thinks that art has nothing to do with the world of today. If we look at the most basic of things we can see how†¦show more content†¦The earliest recorded of art was around 25000 BCE and before this time. This art included pieces like the Venus of Willendorf. The Venus of Willendorf is a figurine that was found in Austria featuring a female carved from limestone. This is not the only Venus figurine found, others were made with bone, ivory and clay. Also all of the Venus figurines have a diamond shaped. Many prehistoric art involved sculptures. A lot of Neolithic as said before cannot be proven as religious but this is starting off art we have today which we need to review over. Some prehistoric artwork includes the Jiahu Carvings, the Jiahu carvings were dated back to 7000 BCE and are made out of red crown crane bone. they ar e flutes with 5 to 8 holes these were supposedly used for rituals. Another piece of artwork can be known as the Niola Doa. The Niola Doa was found in Africa and is dated back to 3000 BCE. Let’s fast forward a couple thousand years, before the 1400s in the Middle Ages (also known as medieval times) we observe the concept of religious art. Back then the art had very unrealistic looks looking at the style of the art. This is when religious art really thrived. In medieval times the art style was gothic and much of the gothic style was influenced in the cathedrals in Europe today. As we see main focuses were on the church and there was nothing else. In This art, you can tell the major differences from the renaissance and the

Summary Of The Jataka Tales - 2204 Words

THE JATAKA TALES On a warm July night, a prince was born in Jambudvipa (India). He grew up in a lifestyle filled with the finest of things, confined in his palace, being sheltered from the realities of danger. His father raised him to be the next wheel-turning king. Siddhartha Gautama did not know that he had the â€Å"markings† that predetermined his life. His father chose him as king, but as history proves, his dharma was to be the Buddha. Siddhartha’s encounter with the outside world during his manhood, struck him to his core. He would refuse the heir to the throne, and with his â€Å"Great Departure† he would seek out the life of the ascetics to find meaning to the world’s sufferings. During his six year journey, he was still plagued with questions of suffering and remained in meditation until he found his answers. Here under the Bodhi tree, he found the answers in which he was earnestly seeking, and in the process transformed himself into the â€Å"E nlightened One.† Awoke from his prolonged unconsciousness, he understood that every living thing was a part of Samsara (The eternal cycle of life). He spoke of reincarnation and how a person would continue to be born, live, and die over many life times until he changed his karma and gradually made his way towards Brahmin. This goal can take many life times, hundreds, even thousands. Buddha spoke of his many embodiments and how he made his way to his last rebirth as the Buddha. The Jataka Tales is a large collection of stories the Buddha

Appraisal of Capital Investment Decisions - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Appraisal of Capital Investment Decisions. Answer: Introduction The capital investment decisions involve huge sum of money therefore it is of paramount importance for the management to make these decisions after carrying out the analysis effectively. There are various tools and techniques being applied for the purpose of analyzing the financial viability of a capital investment, the most prominent among them is the net present value technique (NPV) (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). The other techniques involve internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and accounting rate of return. In this context, the report presented here provides discussion on various techniques of capital investment analysis such as NPV, IRR, Payback period etc. Further, the report also demonstrates the practical application of NPV technique in analyzing the machine replacement decision (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). Watleys is considering replacing the old machine with the automated new machine which is expected to reduce the manufacturing cost to a large extent over the period of four years. The machine will initially cost 60,000 and require a sum of 2,000 being incurred per year on maintenance. The new machine is expected to reduce the manufacturing labor cost by 22,000 for four years. In order to analyze that whether this replacement decision would be financially worthwhile or not, the NPV has been computed as below: NPV of Project Year Cash Flows PVF@10% PV 0 (60,000.00) 1.000 (60,000.00) 1 20,000.00 0.909 18,181.82 2 20,000.00 0.826 16,528.93 3 20,000.00 0.751 15,026.30 4 20,000.00 0.683 13,660.27 NPV 3,397.31 It can be observed from the computations shown in the table given above that the NPV of replacement is 3,397.31. The positive NPV of replacement decision reflects that it would be worthwhile to implement the replacement of the machine. Thus, it is advised that the company should go for replacement of old machine with the new automated machine. There are three crucial elements found in any capital investment decisions such as cash inflows, outflows, and discount rate. In order to compute cash inflows, outflows, and discount rate, there are made a number of assumptions. The capital investment decision is futuristic and thus, assumptions are made about the future outlook in respect of these three crucial elements (Rhrich, 2014). The computation of cash inflows requires estimation about the sale units and unit price. Similarly, estimations are made in respect of costs to arrive at the cash outflows. Further, the determination of discount rate requires various assumptions about the risk and expected return of the investors (Rhrich, 2014). The discounting of cash flows is normally done at the desired rate of return of the investors which in the case of a company is taken as WACC. Further, the computation of WACC is based on the estimations of cost of equity and after tax cost of debt. The estimation of cost of debt is however simple and requires less assumptions but the same is not the case with cost of equity. The cost of equity is computed based on various assumptions, for example, assumption about future dividend payment, growth rate, risk free rate, and market risk premium. Further, the assumptions are also required to be made about the life span of the project in which capital investment is being made (Rhrich, 2014). In regards to the replacement of old cutting machine with the new automated machine, the two crucial assumptions are savings in the labor cost and useful life of machine. It has been assumed that the new machine will cause savings in the labor cost of 22,000 annually. Further, it has been assumed that the machine will require annual maintenance incurring a sum of 2,000. These assumptions are based on the initial estimates only and thus, there always remains possibility of variance (Drury, 2008). It may be possible that the maintenance cost is increased in future and thus, the company may incur additional money or it may decrease also resulting in increase in savings. Further, it has been assumed that the new machine will be in a workable condition for 4 years. However, it may or may not or it may end up with more years (Drury, 2008). It is essential to note that the assumptions should be made in such a way that the possibility of variance is reduced. If the assumptions are made precisely, the possibility of achieving the desired outcome is increased. For example, if the life of new machine is not estimated precisely and suppose if the machine is retired from use after three years, the resultant NPV would be less than 3,397.31 which might make the replacement decision less attractive. Thus, it is crucial to make the assumption precisely considering the past and future performance (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). It has already been discussed that there are various capital investment appraisal method/techniques. Some of them involve the use of time value of money and some do not. For example, the NPV and IRR techniques use the concept of time value of money while the payback period and accounting rate of return are the techniques that do not implicate the use of time value of money (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). The net present value technique requires the calculation of present value of net cash inflows and comparing the same with the initial capital outlay. If the initial capital outlay is less than the present value of net cash inflows, the NPV is positive and hence the project becomes acceptable. On the other hand, if the initial capital outlay is greater than the present value of net cash inflows, the NPV is negative and hence the project is liable to be rejected. Keeping the NPV aside, the project can also be appraised using the IRR technique. The internal rate of return is the breakeven return that the project must earn in order to be called financially worthwhile. The internal rate of return is compared with the cost of capital and if the IRR is greater than the cost of capital, the project is accepted else it is rejected (Chapman, Hopwood, and Shields, 2011). The internal rate of return technique is also widely used but it suffers from certain limitations which restricts its use in the special circumstances. For instance, when the series of cash flows involves cash outflows at more than one occasion, it may result in multiple IRRs giving conflicting views (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). However, when it comes on comparing more than one mutually exclusive project with each other; the IRR is considered better than NPV. Further, the payback period is also used in analyzing the financial viability of the project. The payback period computes the time duration within which the amount of initial investment would be recovered. In most of the cases, the payback period method is used in conjunction with other methods such as NPV and IRR. The payback period used singly in analyzing the projects financial worth would be less useful (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). In the current case, there is single project under consideration. The financial viability of a single project could be assessed applying any of the three methods such as NPV, IRR, and payback period. The results of all three methods would lead to same conclusion about acceptance or rejection of the project. The NPV method has been applied in assessing that whether the replacement decision is financially worthwhile or not. If the IRR or payback period is applied, the result would be same i.e. the project would be acceptable (Gotze, Northcott, and Schuster, 2016). Conclusion In analyzing the projects financial viability, the management of the company may consider applying a number of methods such as NPV, IRR, and payback period. The management should consider that these methods have different characteristics and some specific situations may require use of specific method. However, the NPV method is commonly applied and it is considered as one of the most appropriate and suitable to all conditions method. In analyzing the replacement decision of Watley, the NPV method has been applied which shows a positive NPV of 3,397.31. References Atrill, P. and E. J. McLaney. 2008. Accounting and Finance for Non-specialists. Prentice Hall Financial Times. Chapman, C.S., Hopwood, A.G., and Shields, M.D. 2011. Handbook of Management Accounting Research. Elsevier. Drury, C. 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. Cengage Learning EMEA. Gotze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P., 2016.Investment appraisal. Springer-verlag berlin an. Rhrich, M. 2014. Fundamentals of Investment Appraisal: An Illustration based on a Case Study. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG.

The Rainforests Are Very Important To The World For Many Reasons, Most

The rainforests are very important to the world for many reasons, most of them being very simple. One major reason is that the plants in the forest turn carbon dioxide into clean air, which helps us fight pollution. Also, by absorbing carbon dioxide, the rainforests help deter the greenhouse effect. The trees of the rainforest store carbon dioxide in their roots, stems, branches, and leaves. The plants and animals of the rainforest also provide us with food, fuel wood, shelter, jobs, and medicines. Image losing the potential cure for cancer or AIDS that might have been found in an undiscovered plant from the rainforest. (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) The vine Aucistrocladus koropensis may be effective in treating AIDS; we can only guess what other beneficial plants may be destroyed before we find them. (Allo, 1996) It is repeated often that the rainforest contains important plants that will cure the worst diseases of today. Although there is scientific proof of its value, the rainforest continues to disappear. In ever sense, a standing rainforest supplies more economic wealth then if it were cleared... ...yet deforestation continues at an alarming rate. (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) According to the National Forest Association of Forest Industries (1996), there are about 4 billion hectares of forest in the world, of which about 25 percent is tropical rainforest. The rainforest is full of diversity when it comes to the plants and animals that inhabit it... many of them are found no where else on Earth. These species have extremely valuable medical properties... the only known cure for certain diseases come from species of the rainforest. As an example of the rainforest's diversity, a single hectare in Kenya's Kakamega Forest may host between 100 and 150 different tree species, compared to only about 10 different species in a hectare of the forest of North America. (Allo, 1996) The diversity of rainforest species applies to much more than just trees. Although insects represent only 62 percent of the 1.4 million named organisms on the planet, scientists estimate that the total number of arthropods to number between 8 million and 80 million. (Allo, 1996) Only 20 percent of the nutrients of the rainforest are in the soil; 80 percent of the nutrients remain in the trees and plants. The rainwater of the forest is recycled by evaporation. Clouds above the forest's canopy help reflect sunlight which keeps temperatures within the forest to remain more stable. Although rainforests take vast amounts of time to regenerate, young forests are more effective at removing carbon from the air than older forests. Older forests absorb carbon less efficiently, but have more total carbon stored within them. The soil of the rainforests is only suitable for being rainforest soil, crops do not grow well in it. When forests are cut down, the soil erodes quickly and soon only a dry desert remains. Humans also inhabit the rainforests. Most of these people are indigenous, or Indian. It is estimated that there are over 1,000 or more indigenous groups around the world, but they are also becoming extinct. In 1900, Brazil had one million Indians. Today, there are fewer than 200,000 in the Amazon. (Stevenson Press, 1996) There are two types of rainforests: tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are found in 85 countries around the world. Ninety percent of these forests are concentrated into fifteen countries, each country containing over 10 million hectares each. (Malaysian Timber Council, 1995) Tropical rainforests are located near the equator, where temperatures stay above 80 degrees Fahrenheit year round. These dense, damp forests occur in Latin and South America, Africa, and in Southeast Asia. Although they [tropical rainforests] cover just seven percent of the Earth's surface, they can provide habitat for between 50 and 90 percent of its plant and animal species. In 1990, tropical rainforests totaled some 1.7 billion hectares. (Forest Alliance of British Columbia, 1996) Half of the world's rainforests lie within the borders of Brazil, Indonesia, and Zaire. A tropical rainforest has three layers: the forest floor, the understory, and the canopy. The forest floor has poor soil. Mainly insects live on this layer, although large mammals like gorillas and jaguars are also found there. Many smaller animals, including anteaters, lemurs, and tree kangaroos live in the understory. This is also where many small trees and shrubs are found. The canopy, or top layer, is made up of the tops of trees which can grow to be over 200 feet high. Many tropical birds, monkeys, apes, snakes, and other animals live in

Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory

Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory Abstract There are many theories on what defines successful leadership and contingency and situational leadership are among them. These two theories are almost similar but the contingency leadership theory is not about whether or not a style should be adapted to external factors but rather how different factors can interact in unexpected ways to shape the outcome.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Situational leadership theory is based on the interaction between the dimensions of task behavior and relationship behavior as well as follower readiness/maturity in performing a certain task. Followers are the most critical factor in leadership proceedings and as followers differ, so does the suitable method of management. Contingency theories of leadership hold that there is no one best way of leadership and that an organiz ational/ leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others (Fiedler, 1964). Introduction Fiedler (1964), states that the success of a leader in a given situation isn’t up to the skills that the leader has, but rather how those skills line up with factors outside of him or her. This means that it isn’t just having a skilled leader that leads to success, but rather it is having a leader who can solve the right problems in the right way and at the right time. Discussion Edward (2004) in his article states that â€Å"although situation and contingency mandates managers to take into account such things as the experience of employees, the time available to make a decision, and the type of work that is to be done; they leave the employees uncertain on how they will be treated†. The employees also feel left out in decisions making and not fully informed by their manager. To further support Edward’s arguments, Yuki (1981); in hi s study indicates that concept of task relevant maturity e.g. job maturity that is notable in both theories is conceptionally ambiguous and hence poses serious flaws to these theories. However, in a research done by scholars such as Graeff (1983) indicates that; â€Å"the situational nature of leadership brings forth the concept that one style of management cannot possibly fit all situations†. Edward (2004) in his article also recalls that the recognition of the subordinate as the most important asset in an organization is a determinant of appropriate leader’s behavior by both the contingency and situational leadership theories.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his study, Edward (2004), states that â€Å"the degree to which subordinates like or trust the leader, the degree to which the task is structured and the formal authority possessed by the leader are key determinants of the leadership situation†. To add on Vroom and Yetton (1973) indicate that, â€Å"the effectiveness of a decision made by a leader depends upon a number of aspects of the situation†. Hersey and Blanchard (1977), explains that the leadership method one employs should be dependent on the situation and that before one selects a leadership style to use, they must first understand the situation and the importance of the possible outcomes. However, Edward (2004) reiterates that the leadership brand needs to apply across the entire organization and at all times and should not involve what is often called situational leadership† as this will result to confusion and alienate people in an organization. Conclusion Although the two leadership theories have their setbacks, I feel that their main strengths should not be ignored. For example, the situation approach shows leaders what to do and when to do it and contingency approach is valuable for its ability to deal with diverse situations requiring the exercise of leadership. Generally Edward’s article highlights very important approaches that leaders should use to usefully manage their organization and employees. References Edward, E. L (2004) Leading A Virtuous-Spiral Organization. Leader To Leader, No.32. Fiedler, F. E. (1964) A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.1). 149-190. Graeff, C.L. (1981) Some theoretical issues that undermine the utility of the Hersey-Blanchard situation leadership theory: A critical view. Relationship between theory, research and practice. 19th Annual Southern Management Meeting. Atlanta, 204-206.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Contingency theories and Situational leadership theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. (1982) Management of organization behavior: Utilizing human resource s. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc Vroom, V.H. and Yetton, P.W. (1973) Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press Yuki, G.A. (1981) Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Software applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software applications - Essay Example It is the reason why it is better not to rely too much upon this service in order to prevent mistakes in spelling or grammar. One of my favorite services is the ability to make footnotes and endnotes. It is very convenient when I need to add information or leave a reminder to check something later. It is also very convenient to create well-formatted outlines with updatable page numbers. PPT and Exel are very useful for creating presentations and tables. PPT gives much space for creativity; one can select different styles and formats or slides. Moreover, it is possible to insert multimedia files such as music, video or pictures in the presentation to make it entertaining. When I have to present something, I usually use this application to create some support for my speech. Exel is applicable in working with data. It makes it simple to craft table or diagrams, where variable can be changed and other numbers will update automatically. For instance, I can count my expenditures in Exel and create a comprehensive report. I think that services from MS Office are more convenient than handwriting. First of all, the produced result is easily readable. When any text is typed, it be sent anywhere by one clock only. Also, it is easy to highlight something in the text, select appropriate font type and size. Handwriting is less convenient in terms of formatting. However, it is more applicable when I need to take some notes watching the film, write down a phone number or create an outline. Using these applications every day, I am sure that they are more convenient than hand-writing. Even though writing can be faster and more convenient than typing sometimes, typing makes texts more accurate and readable. It becomes more applicable for further work because it is better structured, formatted and

Reflection paper about upervisor support Assignment

Reflection paper about upervisor support - Assignment Example In most cases, supervisors have a lot of work experience in comparison to other employees. In effect, they enhance teamwork by supporting other members of the organization in their roles using their gained experience. Furthermore, teamwork leads to job satisfaction in an organization, which further leads to high productivity. Hence, the supervisor greatly influences productivity in an organization. However, it is important to note that, at some instances some employees may fail to see the limit to which the extent of support reaches. In this case, this might be instances in which support is deemed too much. As such, some of these employees may consider themselves equal in standing with the supervisors. In effect, they may become laidback in their roles and effectively decline in productivity. However, such occurrences are rare once an organization establishes the limit to supervisor support. As explained, the role of a supervisor in supporting their staff is crucial in an organization. In this regard, the organization should find ways of improving the role of supervisors in supporting the other members of staff. One way of improving supervisors support is by the management giving the supervisors all the support they need in executing their roles in the organization. Once the management gives the supervisors its undue support, the supervisor reciprocates and offers support to those they are supervising. On the other hand, in-service training of the supervisor and other staff members is crucial to ensure each member plays their role effectively. Griffin, M. A., Patterson, M. G., & West, M. A (2001). Job satisfaction and teamwork: The role of supervisor support. Journal of Organizational Behavior. (Vol. 22, pp. 537-550). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons,